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RUSVM Anatomy I > Anatomy of the equine thoracic limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the equine thoracic limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fibrous support mechanism?

A

“Stay apparatus”

  • reduces energy expelled to stand and allows efficient movement of the leg
  • allows the horse to sleep standing up
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2
Q

Where is the body weight of the horse transferred to?

A

The deep pectoral and serratus ventralis

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3
Q

What are the nine components of the fibrous support mechanism?

A
  • Tendon of biceps brachii
  • Lacertus fibrosus
  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Triceps brachii
  • SDF and accessory ligament
  • DDF and accessory ligament
  • Common digital extensor tendon
  • Interosseus
  • Proximal sesamoiden bones and ligaments(cruciate, oblique and straight ligament)
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4
Q

What is the function of the tendon of the biceps brachii in the stay apparatus?

A

Prevents shoulder from flexing due to origin engaging on the intermediate tubercle (fixed distance when horse wants it to be)

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5
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii muscles in the stay apparatus?

A

They remain flacid during the standing phase

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6
Q

What transfers the tension from the biceps brachii to the extensor carpi radialis?

A

Lacertus fibrosus

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7
Q

What ligament keeps the carpus from hyperextending?

A

Palmar carpal ligament

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8
Q

What keeps the fetlock form “sinking” to the ground?

A

The antagonistic forces of the SDF/DDF and their accessory check ligaments.

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9
Q

What are the components involved in the stabilization of the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints?

A 
Suspensory ligament
Proximal sesamoids (and ligaments)
SDF
DDF
Distal sesamoid (navicular bone)
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10
Q

What is another name for the glenohumeral joint?

A

Shoulder joint

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11
Q

What is the lyman’s term for metacarpal 3?

A

cannon bone

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12
Q

What is the layman’s term for metacarpals 2 and 4?

A

Medial and lateral splint bones

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13
Q

What is the layman’s term for the carpus joint?

A

Knee

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14
Q

What is the layman’s term for the carpometacarpal joint?

A

Fetlock

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15
Q

What is the layman’s term for the proximal phalanx?

A

Long pastern

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16
Q

What is the layman’s term for the proximal interphalangeal joint?

A

Pastern joint

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17
Q

What is the layman’s term for the middle phalanx?

A

Short pastern

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18
Q

What is the layman’s term for the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

Coffin joint

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19
Q

What is the layman’s term for the distal phalanx?

A

Coffin bone

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20
Q

What is the layman’s term for the distal sesamoid bone?

A

Navicular bone

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21
Q

What ligament stretches out allowing for shock absorption in the suspensory apparatus?

A

Suspensory ligament

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22
Q

What portion of the suspensory apparatus attaches with the common digital extensor tendon?

A

Medial and lateral extensor branches of the suspensory ligament

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23
Q

What are the three sesamoidean ligaments?

A
  1. Straight
  2. Oblique
  3. Cruciate
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24
Q

What counteracts the flexion of the coffin bone?

A

The extensor branches of the interosseus

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25
Q

What counteracts the hyperextension of the fetlock joint?

A

Distal sesamoidean ligaments

26
Q

What is a digitigrade and give examples.

A

Walks on digits

Ex: dogs and cats

27
Q

What is an unguligrade and give examples.

A

Walks on distal phalanx

Ex: horse and cattle

28
Q

What is a plantigrade and give examples.

A

Walks on digits, metatarslas, and plantar tarsus

Ex: human, bear, squirrel and skunk

29
Q

What point of the carpus is fused in canines?

A

Radius and intermediate carpals are fused

30
Q

What is fused in equine and bovine that isn’t in the canine.

A

The radius and ulna. On equine the ulna only runs about 1/2 way down the radius. Bovine the ulna runs the whole distance.

31
Q

Which metacarpal is weight bearing in equine?

A

Metacarpal III

32
Q

What metacarpal is most prominently seen in “popped splints”?

A

Metacarpal II, bears weight of two carpal bones.

33
Q

Which metacarpals are weight bearing in bovine?

A

Metacarpal III & IV

34
Q

What muscle in the equine gives a smooth and round appearance of the chest?

A

Subclavius muscle

35
Q

What muscle forms the ventral border of the jugular groove?

A

Sternomandibularis muscle

36
Q

What muscle forms the dorsal border of the jugular groove?

A

Brachiocephalicus

37
Q

Where are intramuscular injections given?

A

Neck
Pectoral muscles
Avoid the tuber ischia

38
Q

Where will you have access to the heartbeat on the horse?

A

You go behind the olecranon

39
Q

Where does majority of the carpal movement come from?

A

Radiocarpal and midcarpal joint

40
Q

What joints in the carpus communicate?

A

Midcarpal and carpometacarpal

41
Q

Why is the concept of carpal communication important?

A

If you need to get medication to the carpometacarpal joint, you would inject the medication in the midcarpal joint space, and the medication will travel down to the carpometacarpal.

42
Q

What is the equivalence of the digital, metacarpal and carpal pads in equine?

A

Frog (equivalent to the digital pad)
Ergot (equivalent to the metacarpal pad)
Chestnut (equivalent to the carpal pad)

43
Q

What is the landmark for finding the VAN?

A

Ligament of the ergot

44
Q

What are the components of the hoof?

A

Wall (toe, quarter, and heel)
Sole
Frog
Coronet (coronary band)

45
Q

What is the landmark for inserting nails into the horseshoe?

A

The white line-terminal extent of the lamina

46
Q

What are the germinal tissues of the hoof?

A 
Perioplic corium (cuticle)
Coronary corium (crowning the foot)
Laminar corium (sensitive and insensitive layer)
47
Q

What is it called when the laminar corium becomes infected?

A

Laminitis

48
Q

The horse’s sole is slightly concave, what keeps the bone column from sinking to the ground?

A

The lamina (if laminitis occurs, the bone will penetrate to)

49
Q

If a coranary band lesion occurs, what happens to the hoof?

A

The hoof will grow back in a irregular fashion

50
Q

What is sweeny syndrome?

A

When nerve damage occurs by the scapula, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus atrophies, allowing the spine to protrude.

51
Q

What is flying scapula?

A

This occurs when the serratus ventralis ruptures, allowing the scapula to protrude higher than normal. This shifts the weight entirely onto the pectoral muscle

52
Q

What is occurring during flexoral limb deformity?

A

The equine limb is constantly flexing. In order to solve this problem, the DDF will be cut, allowing the hoof to return to normal

53
Q

What is occurring during angular limb deformity?

A

One side of the knee is growing faster than the other
A splint is placed on the side of faster growth, tied together with wire, stopping the growth of this side so that the other side catches up

54
Q

What is synovial effusion?

A

Abnormal accumulation of synovial fluid within a joint, bursa or tendon sheath.

55
Q

What are the 7 synovial structures on the horse?

A 
Extensor tendon sheath
carpus
flexor tendon sheath
fetlock joint
pastern joint
coffin joint
navicular bursa
56
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Build up of pressure, in the fetlock level, the palmar annular ligament can be cut to relieve impingement, alleviate pain and improve circulation

57
Q

What is capped elbow?

A

Effusion of the olecranon bursa

58
Q

Why is it catastrophic to athletic performance once a synovial structure is infected?

A
  1. challenging to treat here

2. Structures are designed for high motion and associated with weight bearing structures

59
Q

What happens if the SDF fails?

A

the fetlock will slightly drop

60
Q

What happens if the SDF and DDF fail?

A

The fetlock will drop

61
Q

What happens if the SDF, DDF and suspensory ligament fail?

A

The fetlock will fall to the floor completely

RUSVM Anatomy I (9 decks)

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