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Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

How are long bones named?

A

Long bones are named according to where the bone was growing when you were growing bone (epiphysial plate).

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2
Q

Epiphysial plate

A

cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and metaphysis

it is the secondary ossification center

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3
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

A blow to the head can cause a Jefferson fracture.

Jefferson fracture occurs when there is a fracture to both arches of the atlas (C1).

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4
Q

Will a Jefferson fracture damage the spinal cord?

A

Not usually.

But if the the transverse ligament is ruptured, the odontoid process may injure the spinal cord.

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5
Q

C2 is called the _____

A

axis

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6
Q

C1 is called the _____

A

atlas

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7
Q

What is special about the vertebral body of C2 vertebrae

A

It has a odontoid process (dens) that fits into the fovea for odontoid process of C1

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8
Q

What is the secondary ossification center?

A

Epiphyseal plate.

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9
Q

What is the middle portion of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis.

The diaphysis is called the primary ossification center.

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10
Q

What is the primary ossification center?

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

The epiphyseal line is the region between the metaphysis and epiphysis AFTER ossification stops.

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12
Q

Tell me the anatomy of a long bone

A

The long bone is made up of

  1. Spongy/cancellous/trabecular center–> innermost sinusoidal layer
  2. Compact bone–> the outermost solid layer that surrounds the cancellous/trabecular layer.
  3. Medullary/morrow cavity–> part of the bone where there is no spongy or trabecular bone. In adults, a medullary or morrow cavity can replace the spongy/cancellous trabecular center.
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13
Q

Innermost part of the long bone

A

Spongy/cancellous/ trabecular bone is the spongy part of the bone. It is the innermost sinusoidal layer.

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14
Q

C1 is called the

A

Atlas

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15
Q

What is the medullary/morrow cavity?

A

The medullary/morrow cavity replaces the trabecular/cancellous/spongy layer of bone in some adults

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16
Q

Mastoid foramen

A

The mastoid foramen is part of the temporal bone.
It will transmit the:

  1. [mastoid emissary v].
  2. [meningeal branch of the occipital a.]
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17
Q

What is a Jefferson fracture

A

A blow to the top of the head can from a falling object of diving can damage both arches (posterior arch and anterior arch) of the C1 atlas.

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18
Q

Will a Jefferson fracture injure the spinal cord?

A

No. A Jefferson fracture will not injure the spinal cord UNLESS the transverse ligament is ruptured. Then, the [odontoid process] might injure the spinal cord

19
Q

C2 is called the

A

Axis

20
Q

Where is the axis (C2), suspectible to damage?

A
  1. The odontoid process

2. The vertebral arch.

21
Q

Damage to the vertebral arch of C2 is called what?

A

Hangman’s fracture.

Hangman’s fracture occurs due to hyperextension of the head, but NOT the neck (as in whiplash, where both the neck and head are hyperextended).

22
Q

How can we fracture the odontoid process?

A

the odontoid process can fracture due to a HORIZONTAL blow to the head.
Because the transverse ligament is stronger than the odontoid process, the odontoid process will break.

23
Q

transverse processes usually face what direction?

A

DOWN

24
Q

If the odontoid process breaks inferior to the base, will it heal?

A

Yes, it is much more likely.

25
Q

What is special about the vertebral body of C2 vertebrae

A

It has a odontoid process (dens) that fits into the fovea for odontoid process of C1

26
Q

What is the spinous process of C7 called?

A

vertebra prominens

this means that it is LONG and WELL-PRONOUNCED

27
Q

transverse processes usually face what direction?

A

DOWN

28
Q

Typical vertebra have what?

A
  1. Vertebral arch
  2. Vertebral body
  3. Spinous process
  4. Transverse process
  5. Lamina (located in between the spinous and transverse process)
  6. Articulating processes
  7. Pedicle
  8. Vertebral foramen
29
Q

What is so different about cervical vertebrae

A
  1. Large vertebral foramen
  2. “bifed” spinous process
  3. Tranverse processes have anterior and posterior tubercles
  4. There is a transverse foramen
  5. There is a costotransverse bar
  6. The body has uncinate processes
30
Q

C1 (atlas) is weird because

A
  1. Has no vertebral body
  2. Has lateral masses
  3. No vertebral arch: has a anterior arch and posterior arch
  4. Has no spinous process
31
Q

What is spina bifida occulata?

A

Spina bifida typically occurs at L5 and S1, when the [vertebral lamina] fails to fuse and close off the [vertebral canal].

Typically, this goes undetected because of the overlying skin. A patch of hair typically grows over.

32
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A

Spina bifida cystica occurs when spina bifida incorporates [neural tissue] and [meninges].

33
Q

Why does it require less force to dislocate the cervical vertebrae?

A

Less force is required to dislocate the cervical vertebrae because the articular facets are more horizontal.

34
Q

Does a dislocation to the cervical vertebrae usually result in damage to the spinal cord?

A

No. It does not because the vertebral foramen is so big

35
Q

The _______________ of the thoracic vertebrate meets with the costal head of a rib with the same number.

A

Superior costal facet

36
Q

Unique features of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. Heart shaped vertebral body
  2. small, circular vertebral foramen
  3. Strong inferior pointing spinous process (makes palpating the thoracic vertebrae tricky)
  4. Has superior, inferior and transverse costal facets
  5. Well pronounced lamina
37
Q

Where does the rib attach on the thoracic vertebrae?

A

The head of the rib will attach to the [inferior costal facet] of the rib above and the [superior costal facet] of the thoracic vertebrae with the same number.

38
Q

The _______________ of the thoracic vertebrae meets with costal head of a rib one numeric up.

A

inferior costal facet

39
Q

The _______________ of the thoracic vertebrate meets with the costal head of a rib with the same number.

A

Superior costal facet

40
Q

Thus, the superior part of the rib meets with the _________________.

A

inferior costal facet

41
Q

The inferior part of the the rib meets with the _________________.

A

superior costal facet

42
Q

What is the name of the junction of the rib and thoracic vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral junction

43
Q

What separates the [superior articular facet] and the [inferior articular facet] of the rib?

A

crest of the head

44
Q

What are unique features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  1. Large oval shaped foramen
  2. Tranverse processes are long
  3. Vertebral body is shaped like a kidney bean
  4. Has a mammillary process
  5. Has an accessory process
  6. spinous process of short and sturdy

Anatomy (10 decks)

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