Osteology Flashcards
What is a depressed fracture?
One at which it creates an indent
Fragment of bone compresses underlying structures
What are the symptoms of skull fractures?
Bleeding from wound, ears, nose and eyes Bruising Draining of CSF Swelling Confusion Convulsions Loss of consciousness
What is a linear calvarial fracture?
This is where the fracture radiates causing fracture lines away from the point of impact
What is a comminuted fracture?
Bone broken into several pieces
What is a countercoup fracture?
This is where no fracture occurs at point of impact but one occurs on opposite side of cranium
What is a simple fracture?
This is where no damage of skin occurs
What is a compound fracture?
Involves a break in the skin and splintering of bone along with brain injury
What is a basal skull fracture?
Presents with battle sign
What is the pterion?
H shaped, weakest part of the skull on lateral side Temporal Frontal Parietal Sphenoidal Thinnest part of calvaria
What can a fracture of pterion cause?
Extra dural haemorrhage due to rupture of middle menangial artery
By what route does an infection spread from scalp to skull bones and what infection does it cause?
Emissary veins and venous sinuses
Osteomyelitis
What are the foramen of the calvaria?
Spinosum Magnum Ovale Lacerum Carotid canal Jugular foramen
What is malar flush an indication of?
Mitral stenosis
How does a fracture of the dens occur?
Fall on head
May injure spinal cord -> quadriplegia
May injure brain stem -> death
How does hyper flexion of cervical region occur?
Head on collisions
Causes rupture of lower intervertebral discs resulting in compression of spinal nerve roots C6 and C7
Pain in neck, shoulder, arm and hand
How does hyper extension of the cervical region occur?
Whiplash injury
Causes tearing of anterior and posterior ligaments, fracture of cervical spinous process, disc rupture, neck muscle injury and blood vessel injury
How does a broken neck occur?
Compression of cervical spine against shoulder
C2, C6, C7 most common
C1 or C2 most fatal
What is a Jefferson fracture?
When you fall head first from a height or diving head first into a pool
Anterior and posterior arches of C1
What is a hangmans fracture?
Both pedicles or pars of C2
what are the 3 sutures on the top of the head?
lamboid
coronal
saggital
what are the bones of the calvaria?
frontal parietal sphenoid ethmoid temporal occipital
what are the bones of the facial skeleton?
nasal lacrimal vomer palatine mandible zygomatic maxilla inferior nasal concha
what bone is the superior and middle concha made from?
the ethmoid
what bones make up the palate?
maxilla
palatine bone
what is the nasal septum formed by?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer
palatine bones
septal cartilages
what is the lateral nasal wall formed by?
7 bones
what is the inferior aspect of the skull divided into?
3 cranial fossae
- anterior: orbital roof and frontal lobes of the brain
- middle: contains the temporal lobes of the brain
- posterior: contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla
what exits the foramina of cribiform plate?
olfactory nerve bundles
what exits the optical canal?
optic nerve
what exits the superior orbital fissure?
3,4,5,6
but only the opthalmic division of the trigeminal: to lacrimal, frontal, nasocilliary
what exits the foramen rotundum?
maxillary nerve
Vii
what exits the foramen ovale?
mandibular nerve
Viii
what exits the foramen spinosum?
middle meningial artery and nerve
what enters via the carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
what exits via the internal acoustic meatus?
facial nerve
vestibulotrochlear nerve
what exits the jugular foramen?
9,10,11
what exits the hypoglossal canal?
cn XII
what exits the foramen magnum?
medulla oblongata
meninges
sutures of the skull?
Sphenosquamous Squanous Sphenoparietal Saggital Parietomastoid Occipitonastoid Coronal Lamboid
