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Head And Neck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

What does the frontal nasal prominence develop into?

A

The forehead, eyelids, dorsum of nose, philtrum

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1
Q

What are the areas of the face before they’re developed?

A

Frontal nasal prominence
Maxillary prominence x2
Mandibular prominence x2
Stomatodeum

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2
Q

What do the maxillary prominences develop into?

A

The cheeks
Lateral nose
Most of the lip
Upper jaw

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3
Q

What do the mandibular prominences develop into?

A

The chin
Lower jaw
Lower mouth

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4
Q

How does the nose develop?

A

Nasal pits invaginate
Ectoderm grows around them to form nasal placodes which are divisible into lateral and medial on each side
They then move to the centre with the development of the face and medial prominences fuse and the maxillary prominences also fuse with medial prominence

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5
Q

How does the philtrum form?

A

Due to the fusion of the medial prominences

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6
Q

What seperates the oral and nasal cavities during development before the two have fused?

A

The oronasal membrane

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7
Q

How do the palates form?

A

From the palatal shelves of the maxillary prominence and the primary palate formed by the medial nasal prominence
The mandible grows and allows the tongue to drop and the shelves can then fuse
The nasal septum then fuses with the palatal shelf

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8
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

When there is a failure of fusion

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9
Q

What is cleft lip?

A

When the median nasal prominences fail to fuse

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10
Q

How do the eyes develop?

A

Out pockets of the forebrain emerge and are covered with ectoderm
On the lateral head
Form optic placodes which then come into position with the development of the face
Eyelids develop at end of embryonic period and then reopen in third trimester

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11
Q

How do the ears develop?

A

They are otic placodes on the neck and rise with development
Incus and malleus form from the 1st pharyngeal arch
Stapes develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch
External auditory meatus develops from the 1st pharyngeal cleft

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12
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

This is when there is a small face, thin philtrum, small eyes and small nasal opening due to alcohol
Cannot tell extent of alcohol that harms but it is also very harmful to the brain

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13
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

6 but the 5th is rudimentary

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14
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches separated by on the outside?

A

Clefts

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15
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches separated by on the inside?

A

Pouches

16
Q

What does each arch contain?

A

Artery, nerve, vein, mesenchyme

17
Q

What does the mesenchyme of each arch develop into

A

Mesoderm as muscle

Neural crest as cartilage

18
Q

What are the nerves of the pharyngeal arches?

A

1 - trigeminal
2 - facial
3 - glossopharyngeal
4+6 vagus - superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

19
Q

What are the muscles of the first arch?

A 
Tensor tympani 
Masstication
Anterior Digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor palatini
20
Q

What are the muscles of the 2nd arch

A 
Stapedius 
Facial expression
Posterior Digastric
Ears 
Stylohyoid
21
Q

What is the muscle of the 3rd arch?

A

The stylopharyngeus

22
Q

What are the muscles of the 4th arch?

A

Cricothyroid
Levator palatini
Larynx
Pharynx

23
Q

What are the regions of the brain?

A

Pro cephalon
Mesocephalon
Rhombocephalon

24
Q

What arches give rise to blood vessels in the adult?

A

3rd - ICA
4th - aorta and brachiocephalic
6th - pulmonary arch

25
Q

What is the first cartilage bar called?

A

Meckels cartilage

26
Q

What forms from Meckels cartilage?

A

Maxillary
Mandibule
Maleus and incus

27
Q

What is the second cartilage bar called?

A

Reichters cartilage

28
Q

What forms from the reichters cartilage?

A

Stapes
Superior hyoid
Lesser cornil of hyoid

29
Q

What forms from the 3rd cartilage bar?

A

Upper cornil of hyoid

Lower hyoid

30
Q

What forms from the 4th cartilage bar?

A

Hypo branchial eminence which later becomes the epiglottis

31
Q

What forms from the 4th and 6th cartilage bars?

A

The thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arteryoid cartilage

32
Q

What forms from the 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

33
Q

What forms from 2-6th cartilage clefts?

A

Cervical sinus as the 2nd grows down

Cervical sinus obliterated

34
Q

What forms from the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

A

Eustachian tube and inner ear

35
Q

What forms from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch?

A

Crypts of palatine tonsil

36
Q

What forms from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

A

Inferior parathyroid from dorsal

Thymus from the ventral

37
Q

What forms from the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

Dorsal - superior parathyroid

Ventral - thyroid c cells

Head And Neck (10 decks)

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