Osteology Flashcards
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral homeostasis
- RBC production
- triglyceride storage
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Support
- structural framework of body
- supports soft tissues
- provides area for attachment (tendons -> skel muscle)
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Protection
- protects internal organs
eg. cranium -> brain
eg. vertebrae -> SC
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Movement
- skel muscle attaches bone -> bone
- skel muscle contraction pulls on bone -> movement occurs
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Mineral Homeostasis
- bone tissue stores minerals eg. calcium (99% of body content), phosphorus
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Blood Cell Production
- haemopoiesis -> red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, platelets
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Triglyceride storage
- yellow bone marrow
- triglycerides stored in adipose tissue
- chemical energy reserve
Structure of Osseous tissue
- extracellular matrix:
25% water
25% collagen fibres
50% crystallised mineral salts
How many bones in the body?
- 206
What does the hardness of a bone depend on?
- calcium (osteoblasts)
What does the flexibility of bone depend on?
- collagen fibres
Types of bone cells
- osteogenic cell
- osteoblast
- osteocyte
- osteoclast
What is a osteogenic cell?
- stem cell (a cell that has not yet differentiated)
What is an osteoblast?
- Bone growth
What is an osteocyte?
- communication about pressure and force
What is an osteoclast?
- bone-dissolving cell (remodels the bone to rebuild bone strength)
Organic components (eg. collagen) of bone cause…
- flexibility
Inorganic components (eg. minerals) of bone cause…
- rigidity
What is bone tissue arranged into when torsional (bending) stress is high?
- osteons (compact bone)
What is bone tissue arranged into when compressive stress is high?
- trabeculae (spongy bone)
Two types of bone tissue
- compact -> osteons
- spongy -> trabeculae
Axial Skeleton
- bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human
body
Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the
bones forming the girdles (attachments into the trunk)
Long bones
- longer than wide eg. femur
Short bone
- roughly cubical eg. wrist (carpals)
Flat bones
- provide area for muscle attachment eg. sternum, scapula
Irregular bones
- no regular shape or characterisations eg. vertebra
Sesamoid bone
- small round bones embedded in muscles or tendons eg. patella
Functions of Bone Markings
- strengthen bone
- provide passageway for muscles, nerves, blood vessels ect
- promote bone to bone articulation (joining)
- provide attachment sites
- provide landmarks for palpation and visitation
Projection / Process - bony landmarks
- allow for muscle attachment
eg. spinous process;
acromial process;
radial styloid process
Angles - bony landmark
- bony or soft tissue attachments
eg. sup, inf, + acromial angles of the scapula;
sup, inf lat angles of occipital bone;
angle of the mandible
Body - bony landmark
- largest segment of a bone
eg. diaphysis / shat of long bones (femur/humerus)
Canal - bony landmarks
- passageway thru a bone
eg. optic canal
Condyle - bony landmarks
- large rounded feature providing structural support to overlying hyaline cartilage
eg. femoral lat + med condyles;
tibial lat + med condyles;
occipital condyles articulating w atlas (C1)
Crest - bony landmarks
- raised part of the edge of a bone where CT attaches muscle to bone.
eg. iliac crest (on the ilium)
Epicondyle - bony landmarks
- sits at the top of a condyle + attaches muscle + CT to bone (prov support to skel syst)
eg. femoral med + lat epicondyles;
humeral med + lat epicondyles
Facet - bony landmarks
- smooth, flat surface where 2 bones meet to form a joint
eg. articular faces of the vertebrae for flexion extension of the spine
Fissure - bony landmarks
- split in/bw bones. Houses nerves + blood vessels.
eg. sup + inf orbital fissures
Foramen (depression) - bony landmarks
- hole in bone thru which nerves + blood vessels pass
eg. foramen magnum;
supraorbital foramen;
infraorbital foramen;
mental foramen
Fossa (depression) - bony landmarks
- shallow depression in bone surface
eg. radial fossa;
post, medial + ant cranial fossae
Fovea - bony landmarks
- shallow pit that allows attachment of a ligament
eg. fovea capitis of the femur
Groove - bony landmarks
- a long shallow depression on the bone surface, allows a blood vessel/nerve to travel length of bone
eg. radial groove of humerus
Head - bony landmarks
- rounded end of bone, a prominent extension of a bone that forms part of a joint
eg. head of the radius;
head of the femur
Line - Bony landmarks
- ridge along a bone allows a muscle to attach to the bone
eg. arcuate line of the ilium
Margin - bony landmarks
- edge of any flat bone
eg. acetabular margin of the ilium
Meatus - bony landmarks
- tube-like channel extending w in a bone (provides passage + protection to nerves, vessels + sound
eg. ext acoustic meatus,
int auditory meatus
Notch - bony landmarks
- depression in a bone which provs stabilisation to an adj articulating bone.
eg. trochlear notch on the ulna;
radial notch of the ulna;
suprasternal notch;
mandibular notch
Neck - bony landmarks
- segment between head + shaft of a bone.
Eg. anatomical neck of the humerus
Protuberance - bony landmarks
- bump or outgrowth on a bone.
eg. external occipital protuberance
Ramus - bony landmarks
- curved part of a bone that gives struct supp to the rest of bone.
eg. ramus of the mandible
Sinus - bony landmarks
- cavity within a bone.
eg. sphenoidal sinus
Sulcus - bony landmarks
- a long shallow depression on the bone surface, allows a blood vessel/nerve to travel length of bone
eg. intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Trochanter - bony landmarks
- large feature on the side of the bone. (the largest muscle groups + most dense CT’s attach to the trochanter)
eg. greater and lesser trochanters of the femur
Tubercle - bony landmarks
- small, rounded feature where connective tissues attach.
eg. greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus
Tuberosity - bony landmarks
- moderate feature where muscles + CT’s attach.
eg.
tibial tuberosity;
deltoid tuberosity;
ischial tuberosity
Difference + Similarity bw a Tuberosity and Tubercle
Tuberosity ->
- larger, more prominent projection on a bone
Tubercle ->
- smaller, rounded bony feature
Both ->
- prov area for attachment of muscles and ligaments
