Osteology Flashcards
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral homeostasis
- RBC production
- triglyceride storage
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Support
- structural framework of body
- provides area for attachment (tendons -> skel muscle)
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Protection
- protects internal organs
eg. cranium -> brain
eg. vertebrae -> SC
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Movement
- skel muscle attaches bone -> bone
- skel muscle contraction pulls on bone -> movement occurs
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Mineral Homeostasis
- bone tissue stores minerals eg. calcium (99% of body content), phosphorus
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Blood Cell Production
- haemopoiesis -> red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, platelets
Functions of Bone + Skeletal System - Triglyceride storage
- yellow bone marrow
- triglycerides stored in adipose tissue
- chemical energy reserve
Structure of Osseous tissue
- extracellular matrix:
25% water
25% collagen fibres
50% crystallised mineral salts
How many bones in the body?
- 206
Types of Bone tissue
Compact / Osteons
- calcium
- rigid
- inorganic
Types of Bone Tissue
Spongy / Trabacluae
- collagen fibres
- flexibile
- organic
Types of bone cells
- osteogenic cell
- osteoblast
- osteocyte
- osteoclast
What is a osteogenic cell?
- stem cell (a cell that has not yet differentiated)
What is an osteoblast?
- Bone growth
What is an osteocyte?
- communication about pressure and force
What is an osteoclast?
- bone-dissolving cell (remodels the bone to rebuild bone strength)
What is bone tissue arranged into when torsional (bending) stress is high?
- osteons (compact bone)
What is bone tissue arranged into when compressive stress is high?
- trabeculae (spongy bone)
Two types of bone tissue
- compact -> osteons
- spongy -> trabeculae
Axial Skeleton
- bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human
body
Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of the upper and lower limbs
- bones forming the girdles (attachments into the trunk)
Long bones
- longer than wide eg. femur
Short bone
- roughly cubical eg. wrist (carpals)
Flat bones
- provide area for muscle attachment eg. sternum, scapula
Irregular bones
- no regular shape or characterisations eg. vertebra
Sesamoid bone
- small round bones embedded in muscles or tendons eg. patella
5 functions of Bone Markings
- strengthen bone
- passageway for muscles, nerves, blood vessels ect
- bone to bone articulation
- attachment sites
- landmarks for palpation
projection
Projection / Process - bony landmarks
- allow for muscle attachment
- raised, projecting shape
eg. spinous process;
acromial process;
radial styloid process
projection
Angles - bony landmark
- sharp bony projection
- attachm point for soft tissue or bone
eg. sup, inf, + acromial angles of the scapula;
sup, inf lat angles of occipital bone;
angle of the mandible
Body - bony landmark
- largest segment of a bone
eg. diaphysis / shat of long bones (femur/humerus)
depression
Canal - bony landmarks
- passageway thru a bone
eg. optic canal
projection
Condyle - bony landmarks
- large rounded feature
- structural support to overlying hyaline cartilage
eg. femoral lat + med condyles;
tibial lat + med condyles;
occipital condyles articulating w atlas (C1)
projection
Crest - bony landmarks
- raised part of the edge of a bone
- CT attaches muscle to bone
eg. iliac crest (on the ilium)
projection
Epicondyle - bony landmarks
- sits at the top of a condyle
- attaches muscle + CT to bone
eg. femoral med + lat epicondyles;
humeral med + lat epicondyles
depression
Facet - bony landmarks
- smooth, flat surface
- 2 bones meet to form a joint
eg. articular faces of the vertebrae for flexion extension of the spine
depression
Fissure - bony landmarks
- split in/bw bones
- houses nerves + blood vessels
eg. sup + inf orbital fissures
depression
Foramen - bony landmarks
- hole in bone
- nerves + blood vessels pass
eg. foramen magnum;
supraorbital foramen;
infraorbital foramen;
mental foramen
depression
Fossa - bony landmarks
- shallow depression in bone surface
- articulation
- attach muscles + tendons
eg. radial fossa;
post, medial + ant cranial fossae
depression
Fovea - bony landmarks
- shallow pit
- attachment of ligaments
eg. fovea capitis of the femur
depression
Groove - bony landmarks
- long shallow depression on bone surface
- allows a blood vessel/nerve to travel length of bone
eg. radial groove of humerus
articular surface
Head - bony landmarks
- rounded end of bone
- forms part of a joint
eg. head of the radius;
head of the femur
projection
Line - Bony landmarks
- ridge along a bone
- attach musc to bone
eg. arcuate line of the ilium
projection
Margin - bony landmarks
- edge of any flat bone
eg. acetabular margin of the ilium
depression
Meatus - bony landmarks
- tube-like channel X get thru
- passageway for nerves, bv + sound
eg. ext acoustic meatus,
int auditory meatus
depression
Notch - bony landmarks
- depression
- stabilises adj articulating bone
eg. trochlear notch on the ulna;
radial notch of the ulna;
suprasternal notch;
mandibular notch
articular surface
Neck - bony landmarks
- segment between head + shaft of a bone.
Eg. anatomical neck of the humerus
projection
Protuberance - bony landmarks
- bump or outgrowth on a bone.
eg. external occipital protuberance
edges/borders
Ramus - bony landmarks
- curved part
- gives struct support
eg. ramus of the mandible
depression
Sinus - bony landmarks
- cavity within a bone.
eg. sphenoidal sinus
deperssion
Sulcus - bony landmarks
- long shallow depression on the bone surface
- bv/nerve to travel length of bone
eg. intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
projection
Trochanter - bony landmarks
- large feature on the side of the bone
eg. greater and lesser trochanters of the femur
projection
Tubercle - bony landmarks
- small rounded
- where CT attaches
eg. greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus
projection
Tuberosity - bony landmarks
- larger bump
- where CT attaches
eg.
tibial tuberosity;
deltoid tuberosity;
ischial tuberosity
Difference + Similarity bw a Tuberosity and Tubercle
Tuberosity ->
- larger, more prominent projection on a bone
Tubercle ->
- smaller, rounded bony feature
Both ->
- prov area for attachment of muscles and ligaments
