Myology Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Characteristics

4 characteristics of mucsles

A

1. excitability:
- respond to stimulus
2. contractility
- shorten + gen force
**3. extensability **
- can be stretched
4. elasticitity
- return to its original length

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2
Q

Muscle Types

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. smooth
  2. cardiac
  3. skeletal
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3
Q

Muscle types

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • non-striated
  • involuntary
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4
Q

Muscle types

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • straited
  • involuntary
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5
Q

Muscle types

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
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6
Q

Skeletal muscle

Label the skeletal muscle
What is it function?

A

Structure:
1. muscle organ
2. fasicle / bundle of myofibres
3. myofibre (muscle cell)
4. myofibril
5. myofilaments (actin and myosin)

Function:
- contractile cells -> where ‘work’ occurs

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7
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Function of muscle attachment points

A

- Proximal attachment: least mobile bone
- Distal attachment: most mobile bone

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Structure and function of CT w in skeletal muscle

A

1. perimysium:
- surrounds each fasicle (bundle of musc fibres)
2. endomysium:
- surrounds each muscle fibre
3. epimysium/fascia:
- surrounds entire muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle

Action

movement produced when muscle contracts _____ in isolation eg.

depends on which 3 things?

A
  • movement produced when muscle contracts concentrically in isolation eg. ext/flex, abd/add, rotation

depends on:
- site of attach
- type of joint
- line of pull to the joint

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10
Q

Muscle Belly structure

Structure and function of the fasicle

A

structure:
- (bundle of musc fibres)
- perimysium
- endomysium
- epimysium
function:
- force production

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11
Q

Muscle tissue

Structure and function of the 4 types of muscle tissues

A

**1. muscle cells/fibres: **
- do the work
2. capillary network:
- rich blood supply -> rapid deliv of nutr + remove wastes
3. nerve supply:
- stimulates musc -> contract
4. fibrous connective tissue:
- consists of perimysium, epimysium, endomysium

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle attachments

3 types of skeletal muscle attachments

A
  1. fleshy
  2. tendon
  3. raphe
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13
Q

Skeletal muscle attahcments

Structure and function of Raphe

eg. obliques

A

Structure:
- musc fibres attach to a CT sheet -> connects to bone
**Function: **
- DCR frict, distrib force

eg. obliques

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle attahcments

Structure and function of Tendon

eg, semitendinosus

A

Structure:
- musc fibres connect to a cord-like tendon -> connect to bone
Function:
- DCR frict, distr force

eg, semitendinosus

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle attahcments

Structure and function of Fleshy

eg, glute max

A

**Structure: **
- musc fibres attach directly to bone w min CT
**Function: **
- prov stable force transmission

eg. glute max

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16
Q

Myofibres (msucle cells)

Structure and function of myofibres

A

structure:
- Actin (thin) & myosin (thick) filaments slide over one another
function:
- product muscle shortening

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17
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

Steps
1. muscle shortening
2. formation of CBs
3. power stroke
4. release + reset
5. repeat cycles

A

Step 1- muscle shortening
- Actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, causing the sarcomeres to shorten, which leads to muscle contraction

Step 2 - Formation of Cross-bridges
- myosin attach to actin
- **CB’s ** formed

Step 3 - Power Stroke
- myosin (thick) heads pivot, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, which causes the muscle to contract

Step 4 - Release and Reset
- ATP binds to the myosin (thick) head, causing it to detach from the actin (thin). The myosin head then resets to its original position, ready for the next cycle.

Step 5 - Repeated Cycles
- as long as calcium ions are present and ATP is available, the process repeats, causing continuous contraction.

18
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

structure and function of Parallel fibres

fibres run in a ____ line bw attachments

A

structure:
- fibres run in a straight line between attachments
- long and flat

function:
- shorten muscle belly (up to 50%)
- greater ROM but LESS force

19
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

structure and function of Oblique fibres

A

structure:
- fibres run on an angle between attachments
function:
- less shortening of musc belly
- less ROM but MORE force

20
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

structure and function of circular fibres

A

structure:
- fibres run around an opening
function:
- contraction of narrow openings

21
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

Egs of parallel skeletal msucles

A
  • flat/quadrilateral eg. quadratus femoris
  • strap eg. sartorius
  • triangular eg. pirifemoris
  • fusiform eg. bicep
22
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

Egs of oblique skeletal msucles

A
  • unipennate eg. flexor pollicius longus
  • bipennate eg. rectus femoris
  • multipennate eg. deltiod
23
Q

Classifiying skeletal muscle fibre oritenations

Egs of circular skeletal msucles

A
  • circular muscle eg. sphincters
24
Q

Skeletal muscle contractions

Isometric contraction

A
  • musc gen force without changing its length, meaning there’s no movement at the joint.
  • eg. plank
25
Q

Skeletal muscle contractions

Isotonic contraction

A
  • musc changes its length while generating force, causing movement at the joint.

There are two types of isotonic contractions:

Concentric contraction:
- The muscle shortens as it contracts (e.g., lifting a weight).
**Eccentric contraction: **
The muscle lengthens while contracting (e.g., lowering a weight).

26
Q

Muscle roles

Agonist

A
  • muscle that contracts and generates force.
    Example: In a bicep curl, the biceps are the agonist.
27
Q

Muscle rolls

Antagonist

A
  • muscle that opposes the agonsit
  • it relaxes to let the agonist move and controls the movement.
    Example: In a bicep curl, the triceps are the antagonist.
28
Q

Muscle rolls

Stabiliser/Fixator

A
  • muscles that stabilse one part of the body while another part moves
  • Example: In a push-up, the core muscles stabilize the body.
29
Q

Muscle rolls

Neutraliser

A
  • muscle that stops unwanted movement during an action.
    Example: In a shoulder press, the posterior deltoid helps prevent shoulder rotation.
30
Q

What happens when a muscle crosses 2 joints?

active and passive insufficiency

A
  • limit ROM and force production.
    Active insufficiency:
  • when the muscle is too short to generate full force across both joints.
    Passive insufficiency:
  • when the muscle is **too stretched **to allow full ROM.
31
Q

Biomechanics

1st Class Lever

1- EL

A
  • The fulcrum is between the effort and load.
    Example: Neck movement (fulcrum = atlas, effort = neck muscles, load = head).**
  • Balance
32
Q

Biomechanics

2nd Class Lever

2 - FE

A
  • The load is between the fulcrum and effort.
    Example: Standing on tiptoe (fulcrum = ball of foot, load = body weight, effort = calf muscles).**
  • force/heavy loads
33
Q

Biomechanics

3rd Class Lever

3 - FL

A
  • The effort is between the fulcrum and load.
    Example: Bicep curl (fulcrum = elbow, effort = biceps, load = hand weight).
  • Speed and range of motion but requires more effort.
34
Q

Classifying muscles

6 things

A
  • size
  • shape
  • location
  • attachment
  • action
  • no. of heads
35
Q

Length - tension r/ship

A
  • tension a muscle fibre can produce vs the length of a sarcomere
36
Q

Accessory structures of Skeletal muscles

Structure and function of bursae

A

structure:
- sacs of syn membrane containing syn fluid
function:
- allow muscles to slide over other struct w out frict

37
Q

Accessory structures of skeletal muscles

Structure, function and location of tendon sheaths

A

structure:
- contain synovial fluid -> lubrication

function:
- DCR friction
- help tend transmit force
- keep tendons att to bone dur movem

location:
- distal ends of limbs

38
Q

Accessory structures of skeletal muscles

Structure and function TFL

A

structure:
- dense firbous CT surrounding muscles of the thigh

function:
- venous return
- knee stability

39
Q

Accessory structures of skeletal muscles

Structure and function of iliotibial tract

A

structure:
- band of CT
- continuation of TFL

function:
- flex + abd
- knee stabilisation

location:
- distal ends of limbs

40
Q

Functional roles of muscles that move the hip

A
  • hip flexors: lifting leg/drive movem
  • glute musc: hip ext