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Radiography Year 1 Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging Practice RAD4044 > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prefix for the word bone?

A

Osteo

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2
Q

What is bone?

A

An organic matrix of highly vascular connective tissue.

This fibrous collagen mesh like frame work forms about 1/3rd of the structure, the rest being interspaced bone cells (osteocytes) and mineral deposits (of mainly calcium & phosphorous).​

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3
Q

What do we call the process of bone formation?

A

Ossification​

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4
Q

What process starts in the utero

A

Osteogenesis

Intramembraneous

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5
Q

What parts are there to intracartilaginous ossification?

A

Primary ossification centres
-Central area (diaphysis) outwards

Secondary ossification centres​
- ends of bone ​
(epiphyses (singular epiphysis)​

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6
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The part of the diaphysis adjoining the epiphysis (on the shaft side) is called the Metaphysis – this is where growth occurs.​

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7
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

outer ends of the bone

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8
Q

What is the daiphysis?

A

Middle of the bone

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9
Q

What is the epiphysis plate

A

The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a plate of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

Is the epiphysis plate, radiolucent or radiopaque?

A

radiolucent

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11
Q

Is daiphysis radiolucent or radiopaque?

A

radiopaque

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12
Q

What factors affect bone formation?

A
  • Exercise/activity
  • ill health and/or inactivity inhibit bone growth
  • Nutrition and blood supply
  • Age and gender
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13
Q

What hormones affect ossification?

A
  • Parathormone
  • Growth Hormone
  • Thyroxin & Calcitonin
  • Testosterone (M) or Oestrogen (F)
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14
Q

Parathormone

Where is it secreted and function?

A

secreted by the parathyroid gland – controls levels of Calcium & Phospate in blood

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15
Q

Growth hormone

A

secreted by the pituitary gland of brain – influences growth

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16
Q

Thyroxin & Calcitonin

What secretes it and what does it influence?

A

secreted by the thyroid gland – influences physical development

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17
Q

Testosterone (M) or Oestrogen (F)

Function?

A

Influences normal skeletal growth

E.g wider pelvis for women

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18
Q

What ingredients do you need for bones?

A

Minerals: Calcium & Phosphate​

Vitamins: A, C & D ​

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19
Q

What are the classification of bone by shape?

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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20
Q

Examples of long bones

A

femur, radius, clavicle, metatarsals, phalanges.​

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21
Q

Examples of short bones

A

carpal and tarsal bones​

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22
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

scapula, ribs, skull vault bones (protection)​

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23
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones​

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24
Q

Function of sesamoid bones

A

Protect from wear

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25
Q

Whats the classification of bone by Structure.

A

Compact bone

Cancellous bone

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26
Q

Features of compact bone

A

Dense bone matrix​

So relatively radiopaque ‘white’ appearance ​on x-rays​

Tight concentric rings ‘lamellae’​

Forms the surface layer of bones - ‘cortex’​

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27
Q

Features of cancellous bone

A

More open & light lattice like structure with spaces ‘trabeculae’.​

Often referred to as ‘spongy’ or ‘trabecular’ bone​

Relatively radiolucent, so ‘grey’ on x-ray with fine white trabecular lines running through it​

Forms the interior of bone – ‘medulla’. ​

​

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28
Q

Microscopic structure of Compact Bone

A

Consists of a number of cylindrical structures ​called Osteons or Haversian systems.​

Each osteon (Haversian system) consists mainly of hard bone matrix arranged in concentric rings called Lamellae.​

The lamellae form around a central Haversian canal.​

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29
Q

What are volkmann`s canals

A

Volkmann’s canals run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supply of the periosteum to the Haversian canals and medullary cavity​

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30
Q

What is the canaliculi?

A

Canaliculi connect the lacunae to each other and the central Haversian canal

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31
Q

What is the Haversian canal`s

A

The Haversian canal’s contain blood & lymphatic vessels.​

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32
Q

Microscopic structure of Cancellous Bone

A

Similar structure to compact bone.​

The trabeculae making up the internal structure contain irregularly arranged lamellae & spaces​

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33
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Tight fitting highly vascular membrane covering bone ​

Glistening white fibrous appearance.​

Contains osteoblast & osteoclast cells for bone maintenance​

It’s a continuous interface between bone and muscle & ligament attachments.​

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34
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Visible in children & adolescents whilst ‘open’​

Formed of cartilage so is radiolucent and therefore appears as a gap in the bone on radiographs (not to be confused with a fracture). ​

In late teenage years when it begins to ‘fuse’ (close) it appears as a thin white line, but mostly disappears all together in later life​

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35
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The medullary cavity contains bone marrow.

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36
Q

What’s the function of red marrow

A

Red marrow – for haemopoiesis​

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37
Q

What’s the function of yellow marrow

A

Yellow marrow – for storage of fat​

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38
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

is the production of blood cells.​

Red Blood Cells (RBC) & White Blood Cells (WBC)​

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39
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and function?

A

The cartilage found at synovial joints

slippery anti-friction coating for articulating joint surfaces ​

also acts as a shock absorber​

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40
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature cells which oversee maintenance of bone matrix ​

destroy bones

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41
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

cells that lay down (Build) new bone matrix​

42
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

phagocytic cells that remove (Consume) calcium and bone matrix​

43
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support​
    Supports the body and soft tissues, providing shape & rigidity​
2. Storage ​
of minerals (mainly calcium & phosphorous) and fat (in yellow bone marrow)
  1. Movement​
    The skeletons joints provide attachment for muscles & ligaments to support flexion & extension
  2. Protection​
    Of major organs such as the brain & heart
  3. Haematopoiesis​
    Production of red & white blood cells in the red marrow
  4. Endocrine regulation​
    Maintenance of blood calcium levels
44
Q

What does HEMPSS stand for (skeleton function)

A 
Haematopoiesis​
Endocrine regulation​
Movement
Protection
Support 
Storage
45
Q

What does cortex mean?

A

Compact bone

46
Q

Function of compact bone?

A

Resist stress

Osteons aligned in one direction for strength

47
Q

What are osteons?

A

Units of bone

48
Q

Function of cancellous bone?

A

End of bones, less stress areas and multidirectional stress areas (e.g proximal epiphysis)

49
Q

What shape are osteons?

A

Cylinder shape

50
Q

What does the canaliculi do?

A

Canaliculi go through the lamellae for nutrients

51
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta caused by?

And what does it lead to?

Treatment?

A

Collagen deficiently
Gene defect

Brittle bones
Weak muscles

Exercise
Rod insertion
Bisphosphonates

52
Q

Factors of osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone mineral density
Fracture risk
Age
Women are more at risk

53
Q

Whats rickets/osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones caused by vit D or calcium deficiency

54
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 or more bones meet?

55
Q

What are the classes of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (which allow for movement)

56
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Break in bone continuity

57
Q

What are the classes of fractures and what do they mean?

A

Simple/closed - skin intact

Compound/open - skin broken with bone fragments protruding

58
Q

Causes of fracture?

A

Trauma
Strain
Pathology (tumour)

59
Q

What are the types of fractures

A 
Transverse
Oblique
Comminute 
Spiral
crushed
60
Q

What does Transverse fracture mean?

A

line through bone (still together)

61
Q

What does oblique fracture mean?

A

not in a line, a bit off

62
Q

What does comminute fracture mean?

A

Multiple bone fragments

63
Q

what does spiral fracture mean?

A

Bone twisted apart

64
Q

What does crushed fracture mean?

A

Vertical compression

usually in cases of osteoporosis

65
Q

Signs and symptoms of fracture

A 
Signs-
Swelling
Redness
Bruising
Broken skin
Deformity
Symptoms-
Pain
Numbness
Heat
Loss of use
Faintness/nausea
66
Q

Phases of fracture healing?

A

Reactive phase
Reparative phase
Remodelling phase

67
Q

What does reactive phase mean?

A

Blood clot formed from damaged blood vessels

Clot converted to granulation tissue (24 hours)

68
Q

What does reparative phase mean?

A

Callus formation (new bone from periosteum) Osteoblasts building new bone

69
Q

What does remodelling phase mean?

A

Bone modelled by osteoclasts to regain shape.

70
Q

Factors that delay healing of fracture

A 
Malunion-bones miss aligned
Infection
Foreign bodies
Bone fragments
Poor immobilisation
Age
Dietary deficiency
71
Q

Types of management

treatment for fracture

A

Reduction
Immobilisation
Rehabilitation

72
Q

Functions of a joint

A

Growth
Rigidity
Movement

73
Q

What is the function of Fibrous joint?

A

Synarthrosis

an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull).

74
Q

What is the function of cartilaginous joint?

A

Amphiarthosis​

a joint permitting only slight motion, as that between the vertebrae.

75
Q

What is the function of synovial joint?

A

Diarthrosis

articulation that permits free movement. 2 : a freely movable joint.

76
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures, Gomphoses & Syndesmoses ​

77
Q

Features of sutures

A

Found in the skull only​

Bones are joined by the sutural ligament.​

Fusion starts in the late twenties​

Fixed​

78
Q

Examples of sutures

A

Coronal suture ​

Saggital suture​

Lambdoid suture

79
Q

Features of gomphoses

A

Found where teeth articulate with bone​

Joined by periodontal ligament ​

Fixed​

Associated with movement due to pathology

80
Q

Examples of Gomphoses

A

Where the Alveolar margins of the Maxillae join the teeth​

Where the Alveolar margins of the Mandible join the teeth

81
Q

Features of syndesmoses

A

Found where bony surface is connected by an interosseous ligament ​

Allows minimal movement

82
Q

Examples of Syndesmoses

A

Inferior tibio-fibular joint​

​Middle tibio-fibular joint​

Middle radio-ulnar joint​

Ligamentum flava

83
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondroses or Symphases

84
Q

Features of Synchondroses

A

Temporary hyaline cartilage found between an Epiphyses and Diaphyses​

No movement ​

Ossifies once growth is complete

85
Q

Examples of Synchondroses​

A

Between growing long bones​

​Sterno-costal joints ​

Between the Sphenoid and Occiput

86
Q

Features of symphyses

A

Uses hyaline cartilage and a fibrocartilage pad​

Limited movement​

All are midline structures ​

87
Q

Examples of Symphyses​

A

Symphysis Pubis ​

Between Vertebral Bodies and Sacrococcygeal joint​

Manubriosternal joint​

88
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

Joint surrounded by a Fibrous Capsule​

Articulating surface covered with Hyaline cartilage​

Contains Synovial membrane and fluid​

Supported by ligaments​

Fed by a blood and nerve supply​

May contain: a bursa, tendons, joint discs or fat pads

89
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Two fairly flat surfaces​

​Gliding movement​

90
Q

Examples of plane joint

A

2nd-5th carpo-metacarpals​

Sacro-iliacs​

Proximal tibio-fibular​

Tarso-metatarsal​

Acromio-clavicular​

Costo-vertbral​

Between the vertbral arches

91
Q

What is hinge joint?

A

One concave and one convex surface​

​Uniaxial movement​

Strong colateral ligaments

92
Q

Examples of Hinge Joints​

A

1st Metacarpo-phalangeal​

Interphalangeal​

Elbow​

Ankle (physiologically)

93
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Pivot may rotate within a ring or a vice versa​

Uniaxial rotation

94
Q

Examples of a Pivot Joints​

A

Superior Radio-ulnar​

Inferior Radio-ulnar​

Median Atlanto-axial

95
Q

What is a Ellipsoid​ joint?

A

Elliptical concave and an oval convex surface​

Biaxial movement

96
Q

Examples of Ellipsoid Joints​

A

Wrist​

2nd-5th metacarpo-phalangeal​

Metatarso- phalangeal​

Atlanto-occipital

97
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Opposition of concavo-convexed surfaces​

Biaxial movement

98
Q

Examples of Saddle Joints​

A

1st Carpo-metacarpal​

Calcaneo-cuboid​

Sterno-clavicular​

Ankle (structurally)

99
Q

What is Condylar​ joint?

A

Convex condyle and Concave surface​

Uniaxial primary movement​

Degree of rotation allowed

100
Q

Examples of condylar joints

A

Knee​

Temporo-mandibular

101
Q

What is ball and socket joint?

A

Spherical head in cup shaped cavity​

Multiaxial movement

102
Q

Examples of Ball & Socket Joints

A

Hip​

Shoulder

Radiography Year 1 Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging Practice RAD4044 (26 decks)

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