Mock Flashcards
vasovagal reaction
Faint
This structure adheres to the bone surface, it contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which form and destroy bone matrix.
Inner (visceral) osteoblastic layer of the periosteum.
This structure is made of fibrous connective tissue and contains fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerve fibres.
Outer (parietal) layer of the periosteum.
Which cylindrical structures, consisting of concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix surrounding a central canal are a predominant feature of compact bone?
Osteon.
These are channels which run through the core of each osteon in order to carry neurovascular structures.
Haversian canals
In osteology, what channels which run perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to the central canal and connect them to the periosteum?
Volkmann canals
This bone is harder and denser than spongy bone and forms the tough outer shell (cortex).
Compact bone
This bone surface is formed by branching and anastomosing bars and plates of osseous tissue. The trabeculae are the main support structure of this bone.
Cancellous bone
List three types of fracture.
Transverse
Oblique
Greenstick
Compound fracture
crushed fracture
Comminuted fracture
Spiral fracture
Closed fracture
With reference to the structure of bone, explain what happens when a fracture occurs and how it heals.
Inflammatory / Reactive stage
When the fracture first occurs a blood clot forms around the fracture within the first 24 hours, this causes a large blood clot called a hematoma to form.
Then the necrosed cells that died due to the trauma (break) release cytokines (which are chemical signals) which will start the healing process as it means specialist cells will start to work.
Fibroblasts and chondroblasts begin the granulation process where granulation tissue will replace the hematoma which takes 3-10 days. The granulation tissue is a mesh of cartilage and fibrocartilage.
Osteoclasts will also remove necrotic tissue from bone.
Reparative phase
A soft callus is formed in the granulation phase, and it fills the gaps in the fracture fragments.
After a few weeks, capillaries grow in the soft callus to improve vascularisation and help with healing.
Then osteoblasts at the periosteum lay down soft and unorganized bone that will connect the bits of bone back together. It forms almost like a capsule around the affected area. This is called woven bone.
After this, the hard callus will start to form which is about 2- to 3 weeks after the fracture occurred. This works by the osteoblasts using minerals such as calcium and phosphate to make a hard callus starting at the edges of the soft callus and moving inwards once the outer edges have been filled. The woven bone is last until all the fragments of the fracture are put together by the new bone and this takes about 3-4 months after the fracture.
Bone remodeling phase.
This process can take several years, the hard callus will become a capsule over the fracture site meaning it looks enlarged to the rest of the bone.
The osteoblasts start to rebuild the bone but they do this randomly so in the next stage the osteoclasts remodel the new bone formed.
Over time any woven bone will be made into the lamellar of the bone and the medullary canal will return also.
Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses are three types of which joint classification?
Choose the correct answer from the following:
Select one:
a.
Synovial Joints
b.
Fibrous Joints
c.
Cartilaginous Joints
Fibrous Joints
Correct. These joints have very limited or no movement.
1st carpometacarpal joints are what kind of joint?
a.
Ball and Socket
b.
Hinge
c.
Saddle
d.
Ellipisoid
e.
Plane
f.
Pivot
c. saddle
The articular surfaces are concave and convex and allow a wide range of movements. The 1st carpometacarpal joints are examples.
1st meta-phalangeal joint is what
a.
Plane
b.
Ball and Socket
c.
Saddle
d.
Hinge
e.
Pivot
f.
Condylar / Ellipisoid
Condylar / Ellipisoid
Otherwise known as condyloid (knuckle-like, not to be mistaken for Condylar). They resemble saddle joints but have less movement.
What joint is the articulation between the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) which also allows uniaxial rotation
Select one:
a.
Ellipisoid
b.
Saddle
c.
Hinge
d.
Ball and Socket
e.
Pivot
f.
Plane
e.
Pivot
Another example of this joint is the articulation between the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) which also allows uniaxial rotation.
The articular surfaces are flat and allow gliding movements. Other examples are the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
What kind of joint is this?
Select one:
a.
Plane
b.
Ellipisoid
c.
Ball and Socket
d.
Pivot
e.
Saddle
f.
Hinge
Plane
Which type of synovial joint has been depicted? (1 mark)
Elbow joint?
Select one:
a.
Plane joint
b.
Hinge joint
c.
Pivot
d.
Ellipisoid
e.
Saddle
f.
Ball and Socket
Hinge joint
This joint allows uni-direction movement of flexion and extension only.
What generic centring point should be used for radiographic examination of the Finger(s)? (1 mark)
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint of the affected digit.
What centring point is used for an AP projection of the Humerus?
Midway between the Shoulder and Elbow joints.
What is the correct centring point to use when imaging the Thumb? 1 mark
First metacarpo-phalangeal joint.
The pharynx sits between C1 and C4
Select one:
True
False
False Correct
The nose is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
One of the functions of the pharynx is to warm and humidify air
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
The trachea divides into 2 at which vertebral level ?
a.
Thoracic vertebra 6
b.
Thoracic vertebra 5
c.
Thoracic vertebra 4
d.
Cervical vertebra 4
Thoracic vertebra 4
The larynx is composed of 4 cartilages
Select one:
True
False
False - the larynx is composed of 5 cartilages
Food is prevented from going down the trachea by the epiglottis
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
The larynx sits inferiorly to the hyoid bone
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
The left bronchus is shorter than the right one
Select one:
True
False
False Correct
The intercostal muscles are found between the ribs
Select one:
True
False
True
Fibrotic changes in the lungs have no affect on their compliance
Select one:
True
False
False
The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm at T10
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
The stomach is a retroperitoneal structure
Select one:
True
False
False
Your parotid salivary gland in found under your tongue
Select one:
True
False
False
it sits in your cheek in front of your ear
Intrinsic factor combines with Vitamin B1
Select one:
True
False
False
its Vitamin B12
The muscularis consists of circular muscle fibres only
Select one:
True
False
False it also has longitudinal fibres too
The pyloric sphincter sits in the superior part of the stomach
Select one:
True
False
The pyloric sphincter sits in the superior part of the stomach
Select one:
False
It sits in the distal part of the stomach
The epiglottis seals off the oesophagus when swallowing
Select one:
True
False
Select one:
False
it seal off the trachea
The GI tract is lined with squamous cells
Select one:
True
False
The GI tract is lined with squamous cells
Select one:
False
Chyme is found in the small intestine
Select one:
True
False
Chyme is found in the small intestine
Select one:
False
its found in the stomach
Gastric pits are found in the stomach
Select one:
True
False
True
Salivary amylase is used in the digestion of proteins
Select one:
True
False
Salivary amylase is used in the digestion of proteins
Select one:
False
-its for the digestion of starch
The stomach sits superiorly to the transverse colon
Select one:
True
False
True
The GI tract consists of 3 layers
Select one:
True
False
The GI tract consists of 3 layers
Select one:
False
there are 4
The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body
Select one:
True
False
The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body
Select one:
True
The movement of food through the GI tract is via a process called peristalsis
Select one:
True
False
The movement of food through the GI tract is via a process called peristalsis
Select one:
True Correct
The sphincter of Oddi is found in the stomach
Select one:
True
False
The sphincter of Oddi is found in the stomach
Select one:
False -well done. Its found in the duodenum
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by sulphuric acid
Select one:
True
False
False
The stomach sits in the right hypochondriac region
Select one:
True
False
The stomach sits in the right hypochondriac region
Select one:
False
The Oesophagus sits to the right of the sternum
Select one:
True
False
False
The correct description for a very slim person is mesomorph
Select one:
True
False
The correct description for a very slim person is mesomorph
Select one:
False Correct
Secretions from the pancreas entry the GI tract via the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Select one:
True
False
Secretions from the pancreas entry the GI tract via the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Select one:
True
The tongue is supplied by the lobular artery
Select one:
True
False
The tongue is supplied by the lobular artery
Select one:
False
the correct answer is The Lingual artery
The lining of the stomach lies in large folds called haustra
Select one:
True
False
False
They are called rugae
The Oropharynx sits superior to the laryngopharynx
Select one:
True
False
True Correct
The papillae is the correct anatomical name for the taste buds
Select one:
True
False
The papillae is the correct anatomical name for the taste buds
Select one:
True Correct
The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
Select one:
True
False
The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
Select one:
True Correct
Bile salts are absorbed in the jejunum
Select one:
True
False
Bile salts are absorbed in the jejunum
Select one:
False Correct
The appendix is full of good bacteria
Select one:
True
False
The appendix is full of good bacteria
Select one:
True Correct
The plicae circulares slows down the passage of food
Select one:
True
False
The plicae circulares slows down the passage of food
Select one:
True Correct
Haustrations are found in the large bowel
Select one:
True
False
Haustrations are found in the large bowel
Select one:
True Correct
The caecum is found in the epigastric region
Select one:
True
False
The caecum is found in the epigastric region
Select one:
False Correct
Pancreatic juice contain lipase
Select one:
True
False
Pancreatic juice contain lipase
Select one:
True Correct
The ascending colon is a retroperitoneal structure
Select one:
True
False
The ascending colon is a retroperitoneal structure
Select one:
True Correct
Peyer’s patches are found in the duodenum
Select one:
True
False
Peyer’s patches are found in the duodenum
Select one:
False
The ascending colon is supplied by branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery
Select one:
True
False
The ascending colon is supplied by branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery
Select one:
True Correct