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Repro > Osteo > Flashcards

Osteo Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the arcuate line, and what is its importance?

A

Medial aspect of ilium
One of three components of pelvic brim
One of two components of linea terminalis

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2
Q

What does the auricular surface of the ilium articulate with?

A

Auricular surface of sacrum

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3
Q

On the iliac crest, what projects superiorly? What is on the medial aspect?

A

Iliac tubercle

Iliac tuberosity

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4
Q

Where is the superior attachment for the inguinal ligament?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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5
Q

What does the pubic symphyseal surface articulate with?

A

Contralateral coxal bone to form pubic symphysis

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6
Q

What is on the lateral aspect of the pubic crest?

A

Pubic tubercle

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7
Q

What is the pectin pubis (pectineal line) continuous with, and what does it form?

A

Continuous with arcuate line of ilium

Forms linea terminalis and coxal part of pelvic brim

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8
Q

Where is the iliac fossa, and what does it contain?

A

Medial aspect of the ilium

Iliacus m.

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9
Q

What is the obturator crest?

A

Ridge on lateral aspect of superior pubic ramus

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10
Q

Where is the obturator groove?

A

Inferior to obturator crest

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11
Q

What is the obturator groove continuous with?

A

Obturator foramen

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12
Q

What does the obturator groove transmit?

A

Obturator nerve
Obturator artery
Obturator vein

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13
Q

The ___ projects towards the acetabulum, while the ___ projects toward the ischial ramus

A

Superior pubic ramus

Inferior pubic ramus

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14
Q

Describe the location of the body of the ischium

A

Posterior to obturator foramen

Anterior to ischial spine

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15
Q

Where does the ischial spine project?

A

Posteriorly between greater and lesser sciatic notches

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16
Q

Describe the ischial tuberosity

A

Posteroinferiorly directed roughened area

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17
Q

Describe greater sciatic notch

A

Posterior edge of ischium
Inferior to iliac ala
Superior to ischial spine

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18
Q

Describe lesser sciatic notch

A

Posterior edge of ischium

Between ischial spine and ischial tuberosity

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19
Q

Ischial ramus projects toward ___

A

Inferior pubic ramus

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20
Q

What is the inferior gap in the acetabular rim called?

A

Acetabular notch

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21
Q

What is the depression in the central acetabulum called?

A

Acetabular fossa

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22
Q

What is the smooth surface around the acetabular fossa called?

A

Lunate surface

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23
Q

What forms the obturator foramen?

A

Superior and inferior pubic rami
Ischial ramus
Body of ischium

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24
Q

Iliopubic eminence projects anteriorly at the ___

A

Iliopubic junction

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25
Q

The area of overlap between the ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus is called ___

A

Ischiopubic ramus

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26
Q

What is composed of the arcuate line of the ilium and pecten pubis and is the coxal contribution to the pelvic brim?

A

Linea terminalis

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27
Q

What is the bony arch between right and left inferior pubic and ischial rami?

A

Pubic arch

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28
Q

The apex of the pubic arch is at the ___

A

Pubic symphysis

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29
Q

The angle immediately inferior to pubic symphysis is the ___

A

Subpubic angle

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30
Q

The bony pelvis includes…

A

Paired coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

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31
Q

Pelvic girdle describes….

A

Paired coxal bones joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis

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32
Q

Superior articulating process projects superiorly and articulates with ____

A

Inferior articulating process of L5

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33
Q

Sacral promentory is the ___ and is the sacral contribution to the ___

A

Anteriorly projecting edge of vertebral body of S1

Pelvic brim

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34
Q

Vertebral body of S1 articulates with ___

A

Vertebral body of L5

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35
Q

Sacral ala project ___ and contribute to pelvic brim

A

Laterally

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36
Q

Auricular surface of sacrum articulates with ___

A

Auricular surface of ilium

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37
Q

Median sacral crest is made from ___

A

Fused spinous processes

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38
Q

Medial (intermediate) sacral crest is made up from

A

Fused articulating processes

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39
Q

Lateral sacral crest is made from ___

A

Fused transverse processes

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40
Q

Sacral tuberosity is located ___ and forms ___

A

Lateral to lateral sacral crest

Fibrous articulation with iliac tuberosity

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41
Q

Posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina are __ than anterior sacral foramina

A

Smaller

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42
Q

What do the posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina transmit?

A

Dorsal ramus of sacral spinal nerves

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43
Q

What is the resultant gap left by absence of lamina and spinous process of S5?

A

Sacral hiatus

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44
Q

What projects inferiorly and are inferior articulating processes of S5?

A

Sacral cornua

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45
Q

How many transverse lines are on the ventral surface of the sacrum? What do they represent?

A

4

Fusion of sacral vertebrae

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46
Q

What do the anterior (ventral) sacral foramina transmit?

A

Ventral ramus of sacral spinal nerves

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47
Q

What is the continuation of the vertebral foramina?

A

Sacral canal

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48
Q

What does the sacral canal transmit?

A

Cauda equina

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49
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

When the vertebral arch of L5 separates from the vertebral body

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50
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Abnormal anteriorly directed separation of L5 vertebral segment from the sacrum

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51
Q

What is the superior pelvic aperture? Where is it? What forms it?

A

Pelvic inlet/brim
Between greater and lesser pelves
Sacral promentory, superior edge of sacral ala, arcuate line of ilium, pectin pubis, posterior edge of pubic crest, and superior edge of pubic symphysis

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52
Q

What is the inferior pelvic aperture? What is it bound by?

A

Pelvic outlet
Inferior edge of pubic symphysis, inferior pubic and ischial rami, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments, and coccyx

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53
Q

What is the passage between superior and inferior pelvic aperture?

A

Pelvic canal

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54
Q

Describe the coccyx

A

3-5 fused vertebrae

Embryological remnant

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55
Q

Coccygeal cornua articulates with ____

A

Sacral cornua

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56
Q

Transverse process on coccyx is present ___

A

Only on superior most coccygeal segment

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57
Q

Describe male pelves compared to female.

A 
Males have thicker, heavier pelves
Deeper greater pelvis
Narrower and deeper lesser pelvisf
Android pelvic inlet
Small pelvic outlet
Narrow pubic arch
Round obturator foramen
Large acetabulum
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58
Q

Compare female pelves to male

A 
Females have thinner, lighter pelves
Shallow greater pelvis
Wide and shallow lesser pelvis
Gynecoid pelvic inlet
Large pelvic outlet
Wide pubic arch
Oval-shapped obturator foramen
Small acetabulum
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59
Q

Describe pelvic shapes

A

Android (classically male)
Gynecoid (classically female)
Anthropoid (elongated anterior to posterior)
Platypelloid (elongated laterally)

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60
Q

What are often broken on both sides as a result of pelvic fractures or crush fractures? Why?

A

Superior and inferior pubic rami

Articulated pelvis is a bony ring and therefore difficult to break in only one place

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61
Q

Describe the interpubic disc

A

Fibrocartilaginous disc between right and left pubic symphyseal surfaces

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62
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament travel?

A

On ventral surface of vertebral bodies

Onto ventral surface of sacrum

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63
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament travel?

A

On dorsal surface of vertebral bodies

Onto anterior wall of sacral canal

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64
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

Pale yellow fibers which travel on ventral surfaces of vertebral laminae
Onto posterior wall of sacral canal

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65
Q

What ligaments are absent on L5 vertebral segment and sacrum?

A

Interspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligament
Supraspinous ligament

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66
Q

Where does the iliolumbar ligament travel?

A

From L5 transverse processes

To iliac crest

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67
Q

Where does the lumbosacral ligament travel?

A

From L5 transverse process and body

To sacral ala

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68
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc?

A

Tough fibrous outer region

69
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc?

A

Soft gelatinous inner portion

70
Q

Obturator membrane is located where?

A

Stretched across obturator foramen

71
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament travel?

A

From pubic tubercle of pubic

To anterior superior iliac spine of ilium

72
Q

What is the union between the symphyseal surfaces of right and left pubic bones, which are separated by fibrocartilaginous disk?

A

Pubic symphysis

73
Q

What does the pubic symphysis consist of?

A

Superior pubic ligament
Inferior pubic ligament (arcuate pubic ligament)
Interpubic disk

74
Q

What stretches across the acetabular notch?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

75
Q

What are the joints at L5 and sacrum?

A

Lumbosacral joint
Intervertebral joint: symphysis
Zygopophyseal joint: planar synovial

76
Q

Describe the joints between the coxal bone and the sacrum?

A

Sacroiliac: compound joint
Anteriorly between auricular surface of sacrum and articular surface of ilium: planar synovial
Posteriorly between sacral and ischial tuberosities: fibrous syndesmosis

77
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament travel?

A

From ventral sacrum

to ischial spine

78
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament travel?

A

From ventral sacrum

To ischial tuberosity

79
Q

Describe the long posterior sacroiliac ligament

A

Two bands that originate from the posterior superior iliac spine and median sacral crest (S3,4)
Then blend inferiorly with sacrotuberous ligament

80
Q

Describe the short posterior sacroiliac ligament

A

Originates from median sacral crest (S1, 2)

Inserting on to posterior surface of iliac crest and iliac tuberosity

81
Q

The interosseous sacroiliac ligament is deep to what ligament?

A

Posterior sacroiliac ligament

82
Q

Describe the joint of the sacrum and coccyx, and what are the ligaments associated?

A

Sacrococcygeal: symphysis
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

83
Q

What produce the ligamentous borders which produce greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen from the greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

84
Q

Describe the layering of the fascia of the pelvis and perineum

A

Peritoneum
Pelvic fascia
Membranous pelvic fascia (visceral and parietal) & Endopelvic fascia (loose and condensed)
Perineal fascia

85
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A

Dips down out of abdomen into pelvis to cover, but not surround the pelvic viscera

86
Q

What does the male peritoneum cover?

A

Superior and lateral aspects of urinary bladder and rectum

87
Q

What is the paravesicle fossae?

A

Depressed areas lined with peritoneum on either side of the bladder

88
Q

What is the pararectal fossae?

A

Depressed areas lined with peritoneum on either side of rectum

89
Q

What is the rectovesicle pouch?

A

Depressed area lined with peritoneum between rectum and urinary bladder
In male only

90
Q

Describe the female peritoneum

A

Covers superior and lateral aspects of urinary bladder, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and rectum

91
Q

What is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Double layer of peritoneum (mesentery) that extends from lateral pelvic walls to uterus

92
Q

What does the broad ligament enclose?

A

Uterus, uterine tubes, round ligament of the uterus, ligament of the ovary

93
Q

What makes up the broad ligament?

A

Considered to have 3 parts: mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium
But also includes suspensory ligament of ovary

94
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A

part of broad l. That supports the uterus

Also surrounds ligament of ovary and round l. Of uterus

95
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

Part of the broad l. That supports the uterine tubes

96
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

Part of the broad l. That supports the ovaries

97
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Prolonged lateral extension from the ovary enclosing ovarian vessels

98
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch?

A

Depressed area lined with peritoneum between urinary bladder and uterus

99
Q

What is the rectouterine pouch?

A

Cul-de-sac of Douglas

Depressed area lined with peritoneum between uterus and rectum

100
Q

What is pelvic fascia and spaces a continuation of? What are the components?

A

Endoabdominal fascia into pelvis

Has a membranous component and endopelvic component

101
Q

What does the parietal pelvic fascia line?

A 
Muscular wall of the pelvis:
Obturator internus m.
Piriformis m.
Levator ani ms.
Coccygeus m.
102
Q

What lines the muscular walls of the pelvis (obturator internus m., piriformis m., levator ani ms., coccygeus m)?

A

Parietal pelvic fascia

103
Q

What does the obturator fascia line?

A

Lines the pelvic side of the obturator internus m.

104
Q

What lines the pelvic side of the obturator internus m?

A

Obturator fascia

105
Q

What is the obturator fascia continuous with?

A

Continuous superiorly with transversalis fascia

106
Q

What does the obturator fascia form?

A

Walls of the pudendal canal

Tendinous arch of the levator ani ms.

107
Q

What forms the walls of the pudendal canal and the tendinous arch of the levator ani ms.?

A

Obturator fascia

108
Q

What does the visceral pelvic fascia surround?

A

Pelvic viscera, except where pelvic viscera penetrates pelvic diaphragm where parietal and visceral layers come together to form the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia

109
Q

What are part of the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia?

A

Male: puboprostatic ligament (anterior), rectoprostatic ligament (posterior)
Female: pubovesicle ligament (anterior), uterosacral ligament (posterior)
Rectoprostatic and uterosacral ls. Are also known as sacrogenital l.

110
Q

What do the puboprostatic/pubovesicle ls. And rectoprostatic/uterosacral ls. Form?

A

Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia

111
Q

What is loose endopelvic fascia? What are the associated spaces?

A

Fat-filled potential spaces

Retropubic (prevesical) space, paravesical space, pelvierctal space, retrorectal (presacral) space

112
Q

Retropubic (prevesical) space, paravesical space, pelvirectal space, and retrorectal (presacral) space are considered as what?

A

Loose endopelvic fascia

113
Q

Where is the retropubic (prevesical) space?

A

Between pubis and urinary bladder

114
Q

What is the retropubic (prevesical space) continous with?

A

Continous posterolaterally with paravesical space

115
Q

What space is between the pubis and urinary bladder?

A

Retropubic (prevesical) space

116
Q

Where is the paravesical space?

A

Between obturator fascia and anterior part of hypogastric sheath

117
Q

What space is between the obturator fascia and anterior part of hypogastric sheath?

A

Paravesical space

118
Q

What separates the paravesical space from the pelvirectal space?

A

Hypogastric sheath

119
Q

What spaces does the hypogastric sheath separate?

A

Paravesical and pelvirectal spaces

120
Q

What does the pelvirectal space surround?

A

Rectum

121
Q

What is the rectum surrounded by?

A

Pelvirectal space

122
Q

What separates the pelvirectal space into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Lateral rectal ligament

123
Q

What does the lateral rectal ligament separate into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Pelvirectal space

124
Q

Where is the retrorectal (presacral) space?

A

Between sacrum and rectum

125
Q

What space is between the sacrum and rectum?

A

Retrorectal (presacral) space

126
Q

What is the retrorectal (presacral) space continuous with?

A

Continuous anterolaterally with pelvirectal space

127
Q

Describe the condensed endopelvic fascia

A

Increased density of collagen and elastic fibes

Compartmentalizes loose endopelvic fascia

128
Q

What consists of increased density of collagen and elastic fibers and is responsible for compartmentalizing loose endopelvic fascia?

A

Condensed endopelvic fascia

129
Q

Describe the hypogastric sheath

A

Thick band of condensed fascia that serves as a conduit for nerves and vessels going form lateral pelvic wall to pelvic viscera (including ureters and ductus deferens (male)). It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior lamina

130
Q

What is the thick band of condensed fascia that serves as a conduit for nerves and vessels going from lateral pelvic wall to pelvic viscera, including ureters and ductus deferens (male)?

A

Hypogastric sheath

131
Q

What is the lateral ligament of the bladder an extension of?

A

Hypogastric Sheath to the urinary bladder

132
Q

What is the extension of the hypogastric sheath to the urinary bladder?

A

Lateral ligament of the bladder

133
Q

What are the middle lamina of the hypogastric sheath?

A

Male: rectovesical septum
Female: transverse cervical ligament

134
Q

The rectovesical septum and the transverse cervical ligament are what part of the hypogastric sheath?

A

Middle lamina

135
Q

Where is the rectovesical septum?

A

In males, between the rectum and the urinary bladder

136
Q

In males, what is between the rectum and urinary bladder?

A

Rectovesical septum

137
Q

What is the transverse cervical ligament an extension of?

A

Extension of the hypogastric sheath to the uterus

138
Q

What is the extension of the hypogastric sheath to the uterus?

A

Transverse cervical ligament

139
Q

What is the lateral rectal ligament an extension of?

A

Extension of the hypogastric sheath to the posterior aspect of the recturm

140
Q

What is the extension of the hypogastric sheath to the rectum?

A

Lateral rectal ligament

141
Q

The perineum is a quadrangular space, what makes up the four points?

A

Pubic symphasis (anteriorly), coccyx (posteriorly), and the two ischial tuberosities (laterally)

142
Q

If a line is drawn between the ichial tuberosities of the quadrangular space, what is anterior, and what is posterior?

A

Anteriorly: the urogenital triangle
Posteriorly: the anal triangle

143
Q

Where is the ischioanal fossa?

A

Around the wall of the anal canal

Inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

144
Q

What is around the anal canal and inferior to the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The ischioanal fossa

145
Q

Describe the ischioanal fossa:

A

It is narrow superiorly, wide inferiorly

Filled with fat and loose connective tissue that allows for expansion of the anal canal during defecation

146
Q

What is filled with fat and loose connective tissue and allows for expansion of the anal canal during defecation?

A

Ischioanal fossa

147
Q

What is the pudendal canal and what does it transmit?

A

Space inside obturator fascia

Transmits internal pudendal a. And v. And pudendal n.

148
Q

What transmits the internal pudendal a. And v. And pudendal n.?

A

Pudendal canal

149
Q

What does the anal triangle consist of?

A

Ischioanal fossa and pudendal canal

150
Q

What does the urogenital triangle consist of?

A 
Perineal membrane
Superficial perineal fascia
Deep perineal fascia
Superficial perineal pouch
Deep perineal pouch
151
Q

Where does the perineal membrane extend?

A

Extends between the two sides of the pubic arch

152
Q

What extends between the two sides of the pubic arch?

A

Perineal membrane

153
Q

What does the perineal membrane cover?

A

Anterior portion of the inferior pelvic aperture

154
Q

What covers the anterior portion of the inferior pelvic aperture?

A

Perineal membrane

155
Q

What is the superficial fascia continuous with?

A

Superficial fascia of the abdomen

156
Q

What are the components of the superficial perineal fascia?

A

Fatty (superficial) superficial perineal fascia

Membranous (deep) superficial perineal fascia

157
Q

What does the fatty (superficial) superficial perineal fascia form in the female and the male?

A

Female: fatty layers of the labia majora and the mons pubis
Male: penis and scrotum

158
Q

The fatty layers of the labia majora and the mons pubis in females, and penis and scrotum in males are formed by what?

A

The fatty (superficial) superficial perineal fascia

159
Q

What does the membranous (deep) superficial perineal fascia form?

A

The Dartos Fascia of the penis and scrotum

160
Q

What forms the Dartos Fascia of the penis and scrotum?

A

Membranous (deep) superficial perineal fascia

161
Q

What is the deep perineal fascia in the male vs. female?

A

Male makes up deep fascia of the penis and perineal membrane

Female exists primarily as perineal membrane

162
Q

Where is the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Between membranous superficial perineal fascia and the perineal membrane

163
Q

What is between the membranous superficial perineal fascia and the perineal membrane?

A

Superficial perineal pouch

164
Q

In the male, what are the contents of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Bulb and crura of the penis,
Superficial perineal muscles,
Proximal spongy urethra,
Branches of the internal pudendal a. And v., and of the pudendal n.

165
Q

In the female, what are the contents of the superficial perineal pouch?

A 
Crura of the clitoris
Bulbs of the vestibule
Superficial perineal muscles
Greater vestibular glands
Branches of the internal pudendal a. And v. And of the pudendal n.
166
Q

Describe the deep perineal pouch:

A

Open superiorly

Lies inferoanteriorly to the urinary bladder

167
Q

In the male, what are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?

A

Membranous urethra
Muscles of the urogenital diaphragm
Bulbourethral glands

168
Q

In the female, what are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?

A

Muscles of the urogenital diaphragm

Repro (17 decks)

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