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Repro > Male Reproductive System Histology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are part of the efferent duct system?

A

Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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2
Q

What are three accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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3
Q

Describe seminiferous tubules

A

1-4 in each lobule

Walls composed of 3 layers: tunica propria, basal lamina, seminiferous epithelium

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4
Q

What are the general functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Production and storage of spermatozoa

Synthesis and secretion of male sex hormones (androgens)

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5
Q

Describe Sertoli cells

A

Tall, branched columnar cells that rest on basement membrane
Pale oval nucleus with a prominent nucleolus
Margins poorly defined yet bound tightly (occluding junctions)
Forms a continuous sheath around lumen
Forms blood-testis barrier

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6
Q

What cells are tall, branched columnar cells that rest on basement membrane, have pale oval nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, have poorly defined margins with occluding junctions, and forms a continuous sheath around the lumen?

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

What are the functions of the Sertoli cells?

A

Respond to FSH
Protect developing spermatids
Physical support
Phagocytosis of residual bodies
Secretion of fluid for sperm transport, androgen-binding protein, inhibin (negaitve feedback n GnRH and FSH secretion), anti-Mullerian hormone, and activin (positive feedback on FSH secretion)
Nutritional regulation for isolated developing spermatozoa

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8
Q

What cells provide physical support, phagocytosis of residual bodies, fluid for sperm transport, ABP, inhibit, AMH, and activin, and nutrient exchange?

A

Sertoli cells

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9
Q

Describe the blood-testis barrier

A

Sexual maturity occurs long after development of immunocompetence
Barrier prevents developing spermatozoa from being recognized as foreign and provoking an immunological response
Continuous belt of occluding junctions joining lateral surfaces of adjacent Sertoli cells
Separates seminiferous tubule into two functional compartments

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10
Q

Describe Sertolic cell only syndrome (SCOS)

A

Germinal cell aplasia or Del Castillo Syndrome
Spermatogenic cells absent
Leydig cells - Reinke crstalloids (also seen in Leydig cell tumors)
Permanent and irreversible azoospermia
Congenital or acquired (radiation, chemo, trauma)

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11
Q

What syndrome is characterized as absence of spermatogenic cells and presence of Reinke crystalloids?

A

Sertolic cell only syndrome

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12
Q

What are primary spermatocytes?

A

Diploid for chromosome number but tetraploid for DNA (46, 4n)

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13
Q

What are the four major components of the male reproductive system?

A

Testis (production and synthesis)
Efferent duct system (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)
3 accessory glands (seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
Penis

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14
Q

What male germ cell is diploid for chromosome number but tetraploid for DNA (46, 4n)?

A

Primary spermatocytes

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15
Q

Describe prophase I for males

A

Takes about 22 days
Most primary spermatocytes are seen
Largest spermatogenic cells
Characterized by chromosomes in various stages of coiling

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16
Q

Describe secondary spermatocytes

A

After first meiotic division of primary spermatocytes
Closer to lumen
Smaller in size (haploid for chromosome number but diploid for DNA)

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17
Q

what male germ cells are closer to lumen and are haploid for chromosome number but diploid for DNA?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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18
Q

Describe spermatids

A

Products of second meiotic division
Haploid for both chromosome number (23) and DNA
Small cells with heterochromatic nuclei
Closer to lumen

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19
Q

What male germ cells are haploid for both chromosome number and DNA, are small cells with heterochromatic nuclei, and located closer to lume?

A

Spermatids

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20
Q

Describe spermatozoa

A 
Located in lumen of seminiferous tubules
Final products of spermiogenesis
Dark, flattened nuclei
Have long flagella
Haploid for both chromosome number and DNA (23, n)
Also called late spermatids
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21
Q

What male germ cells are haploid for both chromosome number and DNA, have long flagella and dark, flattened nuclei, are located in lumen of seminiferous tubules, and are the final products of spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatozoa

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22
Q

What are the four major events in spermiogenesis?

A

Development of flagellum
Development of acrosome
Development of manchette
Nuclear condensation (protamines)

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23
Q

Describe the cap phase

A

Specialized lysosome that contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and aid in penetrating ovum during fertilization
Flagellum emerges from axonemal complex of one centriole to form tail
Other centriole forms fibrous rings that surround axoneme
Band of microtubules surrounds nucleus (manchette)

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24
Q

What phase is characterized by specialized lysosome that contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that aid in penetrating the ovum during fertilization, flagellum emerging from axonemal complex of one centriole to form tail, other centriole forming fibrous rings that surround axoneme, and band of microtubules surrounding nucleus?

A

Cap phase

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25
Q

Where does the flagellum emerge?

A

From axonemal complex of one centriole to form tail

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26
Q

One centriole forms the flagellum. What does the other centriole form?

A

Fibrous rings that surround axoneme

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27
Q

What is manchette?

A

Band of microtubules that surround nucleus

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28
Q

What is the band of microtubules that surround the nucleus?

A

Manchette

29
Q

What happens during the acrosomal phase?

A

Nucleus flattens and elongates
Mitochondria migrate in
Residual body phagocytozed
Sperm released into lumen

30
Q

What phase is happening when the nucleus flattens and elongates, mitochondria migrate in, residual body phagocytozed, and sperm released into lumen?

A

Acrosomal phase

31
Q

Describe the maturation phase

A

Nuclear shaping and condensation

Somatic histones replaced by sperm-specific histones (protamines)

32
Q

What phase is characterized by nuclear shaping and condensation and somatic histones replaced by sperm-specific histones (protamines)?

A

Maturation phase

33
Q

What is characteristic of Kartagener’s syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia or immotile cilia syndrome)?

A

Lack of of dynein arms in the axoneme

34
Q

Lack of dynein arms in the axoneme are characteristic of what syndrome?

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia or immotile cilia syndrome or Kartagener’s syndrome

35
Q

What is oligospermia?

A
36
Q

What is hypospermia?

A

Decrease in volume

Can be caused by deletion of azoospermia (AZF) region on Y chromosome

37
Q

What is asthenospermia?

A

Low motility

Graded fro mA (forward motility in straight line) to D (immotile)

38
Q

Describe Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

Occur in clusters between tubules

Secrete testosterone on stimulation by LH

39
Q

What cells occur in clusters between tubules and secrete testosterone on stimulation by LH?

A

Leydig (interstitial) cells

40
Q

Describe clinical consideration of torsion of the testis

A

Cut off arterial supply and venous drainage

Untreated leads to hemorrhagic infarction and necrosis of testes

41
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Dilation of veins in spermatic cord

Decrease in sperm production

42
Q

Describe the genital duct system

A

Sperm maturation pathway
Continuous with seminiferous tubules
Extends from straight tubules/rete testis to urethra
Intratesticular and excretory portions
Important in maturation, storage, and transport of spermatozoa
Testosterone necessary for normal function

43
Q

Describe the histology of straight tubules/rete testis

A

Low cuboidal cells
Fibroblasts
Myoid cells for peristalsis

44
Q

What part in the genital duct system is characterized by low cuboidal cells, fibroblasts, and myoid cells for peristalsis?

A

Straight tubules/rete testis

45
Q

Describe the histology of efferent ductules

A

Mixed epithelium of tall ciliated columnar (propel sperm) and low cuboidal/microvilli principal cells (absorb testicular fluid)

46
Q

What part of the genital duct system is characterized by mixed epithelium of tall ciliated columnar (propel sperm) and low cuboidal/microvilli principal cells (absorb testicular fluid)?

A

Efferent ductules

47
Q

Describe the histology of the epididymis

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and principal cells/stereocilia
Sheath of circular smooth muscle
Peristaltic contractions propel sperm towards ductus deferens

48
Q

What part of the genital duct system is characterzed by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and principal cells/stereocilia and a sheath of circular smooth muscle?

A

Epididymis

49
Q

What are the three main functions of the epididymis?

A

Sperm transport to tail for storage
Storage until ejaculation
Maturation: acquire forward motility pattern and acquire specific surface proteins

50
Q

What part of the genital duct system is for sperm transport to tail for storage, storage until ejaculation, and maturation by acquiring forward motility pattern and acquiring specific surface proteins?

A

Epididymis

51
Q

Describe the ductus (vas) deferens

A

From epididymis to prostate gland
Surrounded by 3 layers of smooth muscle
Contractions move sperm
Found in spermatic cord

52
Q

What is found in the spermatic cord, is surrounded by smooth muscle, and causes contractions to move sperm?

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

53
Q

What is ductus (vas) deferens derived from?

A

Mesonephric duct (from mesonephros or 2nd kidney)

54
Q

Where are seminal vesicles?

A

Separated from rectum by rectovesical pouch (space between rectum and bladder) and rectovesical septum
Enlarged vesicles may be palpated through rectum

55
Q

What do seminal vesicles do?

A

Secrete alkaline (neutralize acid in female), viscous fluid that is rich in fructose, which is used for ATP production by sperm
Fluid also contains citrate, prostaglandins and several proteins necessary for coagulation of seen
Secretions make up 60-70% of human ejaculate

56
Q

What secretes alkaline, viscous fluid that is rich in fructose and contains citrate, prostaglandins, and other proteins?

A

Seminal vesicles

57
Q

Describe prostate secretions

A

Produces 30% of volume of seminal fluid
Provides nutrients for sperm
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
Proteases such as PSA (chymotrypsin-like) maintain semen fluidity (fibronolysin) by acting as an anticoagulant
Antibiotic function of some secretions from central zone
Formation, synthesis, and release regulated by DHT

58
Q

Describe muscular pump around prostate

A

Smooth muscle surrounding glands forces ejection of prostatic fluid to mix into seminal fluid during ejaculation

59
Q

How can prostate be definitely recognized?

A

Corpora amylacea

60
Q

What is corpora amylacea

A

Recognizable prostatic component
Lamaellated bodies that form by precipitation of secretory material around cell fragments
May become calcified

61
Q

What are lamaellated bodies that form by precipitation of secretory material around cell fragments and may become calcified?

A

Corpora amylacea

62
Q

What are the 4 zones of the prostate?

A

Peripheral, central, transitional, periurethral

63
Q

In what zone of the prostate does benign prostatic hyperplasia occur?

A

Central zone

64
Q

In what zone does prostate cancer occur?

A

Peripheral

65
Q

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland
Most common benign neoplasm among men
Its incidence increases steadily with age

66
Q

What BPH/prostate adenocarcinoma?

A

Urethral obstruction leads to hypertrophy of detrusor to compensate for increased resistance
Detrusor will eventually decompensate, bladder tone decreases, and bladder will dilate. Diverticula may form
Vesicoureteral reflux, ureteral dilation, increased UTI

67
Q

Describe bulbourethral glands

A

Superior to perineal membrane, embedded within sphincter urethra
Open into spongy urethra
Mucus-like secretions lubricate urethra

68
Q

What is superior to perineal membrane, embedded within sphincter urethrae, open into sphincter urethrae, and produces mucus-like secretions that lubricate urethra?

A

Bulbourethral glands

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