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Anatomy and Physiology One > Osseous Tissues(Exam 2: Part One) > Flashcards

Osseous Tissues(Exam 2: Part One) Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of organic bone and examples

A

35% (Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteiod)

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2
Q

Percentage of inorganic bone and example

A

65% (Hydroxyapatites, Calcium and phosphorous)

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3
Q

The two main things within the skeletal system

A

Bones and cartilage

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4
Q

Most common type of cartilage in the body

A

Hyaline/ Articular cartilage

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5
Q

Another name for Hyaline cartilage

A

Another name for Articular cartilage

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6
Q

What would a disarticulated skeleton look like?

A

A skeleton without joints, wires, or anything holding bones together

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7
Q

Hyaline/articular cartilage is located

A

The cartilage located in the joints, forming a smooth surface on the bone

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8
Q

Elastic cartilage can be found

A

Cartilage found in the ears

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage can be found

A

Cartilage found in between the vertebral discs, miniscus, pubic symphysis

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10
Q

Some characteristics of bones

A

Organ, with a mineralized matrix, contains osteo- cells, two types, full ob blood vessels and tissue

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11
Q

Two parts of the skeleton

A

Axial and Appendicular

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12
Q

Axial skeleton contains

A

This part of the skeleton contains the skull, rib cage, sternum, vertebral column, and hyoid

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton contains

A

This part of the skeleton contains all of the limbs, extremities, clavicle, scapulae and hips

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14
Q

Shapes of bone

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, and irregular bone

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15
Q

Characteristics of long bone

A

Has compact and spongy bone, medullary canal (marrow cavity) closed off by spongy bone at ends, periosteum and endosteum

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16
Q

Characteristics of short bone

A

Bones are as longs as they are wide, they provide support and stability with little movement

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17
Q

Characteristics of flat bone

A

“Sandwich” of compact bone with spongy bone in the middle specifically called “diploe”. Have no diaphysis/epiphysis

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18
Q

Characteristic of irregular bone

A

Complicated shaped bones not included under flat, short, or long bones like the vertebra

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19
Q

Characteristics of sesamoid bone

A

Small independent bones connected in tendon over an angular structure, like the patella

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20
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone within flat bone

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21
Q

Three names for the bone type that is not compact

A

Spongy, Cancellous, Trabecular

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22
Q

Two types of bone

A

Spongy and compact

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23
Q

Characteristics of compact bone

A

Stresses go up and down in direction, contains osteon, lamellae, periosteum, canaliculi

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24
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A

Trabecullae stresses go in all different directions like plywood, provides lightweight strength, red bone marrow within spaces

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25
Central Canal
Tubular hole running down the center of osteon holding blood vessels
26
Another name for Osteon
Haversian unit
27
Osteon
Structural unit of bone, bands of collagen around blood vessels
28
Lamella
Layer of bone and collagen fibers surrounding central canal
29
Circumferential lamellae
Rings of bone matrix around the outer bone
30
Perforating canals
Horizontal canals perpendicular to and connecting central canals
31
Canaliculi
Hair-like canals/ cellular junction tunnel that connect lacunae (w/ osteocytes in them) to each other and the central canal
32
Lacunae
Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
33
Nutrient foramen
Round hole in the bone where blood vessels enter
34
Hydroxyapatite
"Bone salts" mineral salts responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression. Mainly calcium and phosphorous
35
Distal epiphysis
Bone connected to outer joint
36
Proximal epiphysis
Bone connected to point of attachment
37
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
38
Epiphysis
Ends of bone
39
Epiphyseal line/plate
"growth plate" closing off the epiphysis from the diaphysis made of hyaline cartilage
40
Functions of bone
Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis
41
Two types of bone membranes
Periosteum and endosteum
42
Periosteum
The outer membrane of bone with two layers
43
Two layers of periosteum
Fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer
44
Fibrous layer
Outer layer of periosteum, collagen fibers are continuous with bone attaching to the tendons and ligaments
45
Cellular layer
Inner layer of periosteum, has cells within to create new bone, o
46
Endosteum
Inner membrane of bone abundant in cells
47
The bone cells
Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts
48
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell that is stuck and maintains the bone matrix in the lacuna, hay cytoplasmic "arms" that connect through cellular junction called caniliculi
49
Osteoblast
Bone forming cells that make osteiod
50
Osteiod
Unmineralized bone matrix made of glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans
51
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cell that can turn into any of the other three cells
52
Osteoclast
Big cell with many nuclei with special lysosomes that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix for resorption
53
Where do osteoclasts reside?
In the pits that they ate into bone
54
What happened to the rubbery chicken bone that made it that way?
It was soaked in vinegar, missing hydroxyapatatites but still have collagen
55
What happened to the brittle bones that made it that way?
Bones were baked, missing collagen and denatured Calcium phosphate
56
Hematopoietic tissue is another name for...
Red bone marrow (looks like chunky blood)
57
What is red bone marrow?
Reticular fibers and immature cells, hematopoietic (creates blood)
58
Where is red bone marrow found in adults?
Found in diploe of flat bones and at the heads of long bones :proximal heads of Femur and humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle
59
Where is red bone marrow found in infants?
Found within the medullary cavities and all spongy bone areas
60
What is yellow marrow?
Fatty marrow of long bones in adults
61
When does the formation of the bony skeleton begin?
Week eight of embryonic development, ossifies from fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage)
62
What are the two types of embryonic ossification?
Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification
63
Endochondral ossification
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, forms at the metaphysis and bone length increases
64
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane (starts with mesenchyme membrane)
65
Intramembranous ossification produces:
Flat bones of skull and clavicle
66
Endochondral ossification produces:
Long bones
67
Zones of epiphyseal plate:
Growth zone, transformation zone, osteogenic zone
68
Growth zone:
epiphyseal plate zone where cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis
69
Transformation zone:
epiphyseal plate zone where older cells enlarge, matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, and matrix begins to deteriorate
70
Osteogenic zone:
epiphyseal plate zone where new bone formation occurs
71
What stimulates the epiphyseal plate to start forming bone?
Stimulated by the growth hormone to promote growth spurts
72
What happens to bones during puberty?
Testosterone and estrogen promote growth spurts and diversifies male and female parts of the skeleton (masculinize/feminize) closing the epiphyseal plates
73
Appositional growth
The canal size increases as new bone is added to the outer surface when osteoclasts break down inner bone and osteoblasts lay down new bone
74
What are the two types of dwarfism?
Achondroplastic and pituitary
75
Achondroplastic dwarfism
Nonpreventable, in the DNA, long bones stop growing in childhood caused by spontaneous DNA mutation leading to a failure of cartilage growth resulting in normal size torso and short limbs
76
Pituitary dwarfism
Preventable disease caused by lack of growth hormone presenting as normal proportions with short stature
77
Linea Aspera
Bone ridge formed in response to excessive muscle activity (Femur) where muscle attaches.
78
What percentage of ionic calcium in the body is located in the skeleton?
99%
79
Calcium is needed for:
Coagulation of blood, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, gland secretions, cell division
80
Changes in which element can have serious effects on the body..
Calcium level changes can seriously affect the body
81
Hypercalcemia
Excess of blood calcium, resulting in muscle weakness and sluggish reflexes and potential cardiac arrest
82
Hypercalcemia is corrected in the body by:
corrected by calcitonin secretion reducing osteoclast production and increasing osteoblast production requiring more calcium for bone matrix from blood
83
Hypocalcemia
Deficient of blood calcium, resulting in excitability of nervous system - muscle spasms, tremors, tetany and potential suffocation from laryngospasm
84
Hypocalcemia is corrected in the body by:
Corrected by parathyroid hormone secretion increasing osteoclast (more resorption), reducing osteoblast, (takes calcium from bone) less urinary calcium excretion to conserve calcium
85
Wolfe's Law
A Bone grows or remodels in response to the forces of demands placed upon it
86
Fractures: definition
Broken bones
87
Fractures: Displaced
Broken bones out of alignment, sometimes 'overriding'
88
Fractures: Nondisplaced
Broken bone(s) still within alignment in their place
89
Fractures: Compound
Open fracture, one or more of the broken pieces have perforated the skin
90
Fractures: Simple
Closed fracture that has not punctured the skin
91
Fractures: Complete
Bone is completely separated in break
92
Fractures: Incomplete
Bone is still somewhat intact (like elastic greensticks, not fully broken)
93
Fractures: Greenstick
Incomplete fracture often found in children when the bone is not completely broken and still hanging on by bended bone
94
Fractures: Comminuted
Fracture where the bone is shattered (more than two pieces of bone [proximal, distal, fragments])
95
Fractures: Butterfly fragment
Larger pieces of bone completely separated from a comminuted fracture
96
Fractures: Compression
Bone is crunched/squished (frequent in vertebra)
97
Fractures: Oblique
Bone is broken at a diagonal angle
98
Fractures: Epiphyseal
(common in kids) separates epiphysis from diaphysis because plate is still cartilage and weaker than bone
99
Fractures: Depressed
Broken bone is pushed inward (typical in skull fractures)
100
Fractures: Pott's fracture
Distal end of tibia/fibula/both are fractured - common sports injury
101
Fractures: Colle's fracture
Distal end of radius is fractured (fall injury)
102
What are the steps of healing a fracture?
1. Inflammation, 2. hematoma, 3. Swelling/pain, 4. Fibrocartilagenous callus forms, 5. Boney callus forms. 6. Bone remodeling
103
What happens in the fibrocatilagenous phase of healing?
Few days after the injury, granulation tissue forms the soft callus, capillaries grow into tissues, phagocytic cells clean out debris
104
What happens in the Boney phase of healing?
3-6 weeks after the injury, new trabecullae form hard callus, fibrocartilagenous callus converts to hard callus
105
What happens in the Remodeling phase of healing?
3-4 months after injury -Excess material (from hematoma) around bone is removed, compact bone is re-laid to construct shaft walls
106
Fractures: Linear
fracture is parallel to the long axis of bone
107
Fractures: Transverse
Fracture is perpendicular to long axis of bone
108
Fractures: Spiral
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted (common sports injury)
109
Orthopedics
prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles
110
Metaphysis
The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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