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Anatomy and Physiology One > Osseous Tissues(Exam 2: Part One) > Flashcards

Osseous Tissues(Exam 2: Part One) Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of organic bone and examples

A

35% (Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteiod)

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2
Q

Percentage of inorganic bone and example

A

65% (Hydroxyapatites, Calcium and phosphorous)

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3
Q

The two main things within the skeletal system

A

Bones and cartilage

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4
Q

Most common type of cartilage in the body

A

Hyaline/ Articular cartilage

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5
Q

Another name for Hyaline cartilage

A

Another name for Articular cartilage

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6
Q

What would a disarticulated skeleton look like?

A

A skeleton without joints, wires, or anything holding bones together

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7
Q

Hyaline/articular cartilage is located

A

The cartilage located in the joints, forming a smooth surface on the bone

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8
Q

Elastic cartilage can be found

A

Cartilage found in the ears

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage can be found

A

Cartilage found in between the vertebral discs, miniscus, pubic symphysis

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10
Q

Some characteristics of bones

A

Organ, with a mineralized matrix, contains osteo- cells, two types, full ob blood vessels and tissue

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11
Q

Two parts of the skeleton

A

Axial and Appendicular

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12
Q

Axial skeleton contains

A

This part of the skeleton contains the skull, rib cage, sternum, vertebral column, and hyoid

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton contains

A

This part of the skeleton contains all of the limbs, extremities, clavicle, scapulae and hips

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14
Q

Shapes of bone

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, and irregular bone

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15
Q

Characteristics of long bone

A

Has compact and spongy bone, medullary canal (marrow cavity) closed off by spongy bone at ends, periosteum and endosteum

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16
Q

Characteristics of short bone

A

Bones are as longs as they are wide, they provide support and stability with little movement

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17
Q

Characteristics of flat bone

A

“Sandwich” of compact bone with spongy bone in the middle specifically called “diploe”. Have no diaphysis/epiphysis

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18
Q

Characteristic of irregular bone

A

Complicated shaped bones not included under flat, short, or long bones like the vertebra

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19
Q

Characteristics of sesamoid bone

A

Small independent bones connected in tendon over an angular structure, like the patella

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20
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone within flat bone

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21
Q

Three names for the bone type that is not compact

A

Spongy, Cancellous, Trabecular

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22
Q

Two types of bone

A

Spongy and compact

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23
Q

Characteristics of compact bone

A

Stresses go up and down in direction, contains osteon, lamellae, periosteum, canaliculi

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24
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A

Trabecullae stresses go in all different directions like plywood, provides lightweight strength, red bone marrow within spaces

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25
Q

Central Canal

A

Tubular hole running down the center of osteon holding blood vessels

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26
Q

Another name for Osteon

A

Haversian unit

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27
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of bone, bands of collagen around blood vessels

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28
Q

Lamella

A

Layer of bone and collagen fibers surrounding central canal

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29
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Rings of bone matrix around the outer bone

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30
Q

Perforating canals

A

Horizontal canals perpendicular to and connecting central canals

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31
Q

Canaliculi

A

Hair-like canals/ cellular junction tunnel that connect lacunae (w/ osteocytes in them) to each other and the central canal

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32
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

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33
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Round hole in the bone where blood vessels enter

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34
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

“Bone salts” mineral salts responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression. Mainly calcium and phosphorous

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35
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

Bone connected to outer joint

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36
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

Bone connected to point of attachment

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37
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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38
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of bone

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39
Q

Epiphyseal line/plate

A

“growth plate” closing off the epiphysis from the diaphysis made of hyaline cartilage

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40
Q

Functions of bone

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

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41
Q

Two types of bone membranes

A

Periosteum and endosteum

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42
Q

Periosteum

A

The outer membrane of bone with two layers

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43
Q

Two layers of periosteum

A

Fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

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44
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Outer layer of periosteum, collagen fibers are continuous with bone attaching to the tendons and ligaments

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45
Q

Cellular layer

A

Inner layer of periosteum, has cells within to create new bone, o

46
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner membrane of bone abundant in cells

47
Q

The bone cells

A

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts

48
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell that is stuck and maintains the bone matrix in the lacuna, hay cytoplasmic “arms” that connect through cellular junction called caniliculi

49
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells that make osteiod

50
Q

Osteiod

A

Unmineralized bone matrix made of glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans

51
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Stem cell that can turn into any of the other three cells

52
Q

Osteoclast

A

Big cell with many nuclei with special lysosomes that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix for resorption

53
Q

Where do osteoclasts reside?

A

In the pits that they ate into bone

54
Q

What happened to the rubbery chicken bone that made it that way?

A

It was soaked in vinegar, missing hydroxyapatatites but still have collagen

55
Q

What happened to the brittle bones that made it that way?

A

Bones were baked, missing collagen and denatured Calcium phosphate

56
Q

Hematopoietic tissue is another name for…

A

Red bone marrow (looks like chunky blood)

57
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Reticular fibers and immature cells, hematopoietic (creates blood)

58
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

A

Found in diploe of flat bones and at the heads of long bones :proximal heads of Femur and humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle

59
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in infants?

A

Found within the medullary cavities and all spongy bone areas

60
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Fatty marrow of long bones in adults

61
Q

When does the formation of the bony skeleton begin?

A

Week eight of embryonic development, ossifies from fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage)

62
Q

What are the two types of embryonic ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

63
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, forms at the metaphysis and bone length increases

64
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane (starts with mesenchyme membrane)

65
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces:

A

Flat bones of skull and clavicle

66
Q

Endochondral ossification produces:

A

Long bones

67
Q

Zones of epiphyseal plate:

A

Growth zone, transformation zone, osteogenic zone

68
Q

Growth zone:

A

epiphyseal plate zone where cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis

69
Q

Transformation zone:

A

epiphyseal plate zone where older cells enlarge, matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, and matrix begins to deteriorate

70
Q

Osteogenic zone:

A

epiphyseal plate zone where new bone formation occurs

71
Q

What stimulates the epiphyseal plate to start forming bone?

A

Stimulated by the growth hormone to promote growth spurts

72
Q

What happens to bones during puberty?

A

Testosterone and estrogen promote growth spurts and diversifies male and female parts of the skeleton (masculinize/feminize) closing the epiphyseal plates

73
Q

Appositional growth

A

The canal size increases as new bone is added to the outer surface when osteoclasts break down inner bone and osteoblasts lay down new bone

74
Q

What are the two types of dwarfism?

A

Achondroplastic and pituitary

75
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfism

A

Nonpreventable, in the DNA, long bones stop growing in childhood caused by spontaneous DNA mutation leading to a failure of cartilage growth resulting in normal size torso and short limbs

76
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Preventable disease caused by lack of growth hormone presenting as normal proportions with short stature

77
Q

Linea Aspera

A

Bone ridge formed in response to excessive muscle activity (Femur) where muscle attaches.

78
Q

What percentage of ionic calcium in the body is located in the skeleton?

A

99%

79
Q

Calcium is needed for:

A

Coagulation of blood, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, gland secretions, cell division

80
Q

Changes in which element can have serious effects on the body..

A

Calcium level changes can seriously affect the body

81
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess of blood calcium, resulting in muscle weakness and sluggish reflexes and potential cardiac arrest

82
Q

Hypercalcemia is corrected in the body by:

A

corrected by calcitonin secretion reducing osteoclast production and increasing osteoblast production requiring more calcium for bone matrix from blood

83
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Deficient of blood calcium, resulting in excitability of nervous system - muscle spasms, tremors, tetany and potential suffocation from laryngospasm

84
Q

Hypocalcemia is corrected in the body by:

A

Corrected by parathyroid hormone secretion increasing osteoclast (more resorption), reducing osteoblast, (takes calcium from bone) less urinary calcium excretion to conserve calcium

85
Q

Wolfe’s Law

A

A Bone grows or remodels in response to the forces of demands placed upon it

86
Q

Fractures: definition

A

Broken bones

87
Q

Fractures: Displaced

A

Broken bones out of alignment, sometimes ‘overriding’

88
Q

Fractures: Nondisplaced

A

Broken bone(s) still within alignment in their place

89
Q

Fractures: Compound

A

Open fracture, one or more of the broken pieces have perforated the skin

90
Q

Fractures: Simple

A

Closed fracture that has not punctured the skin

91
Q

Fractures: Complete

A

Bone is completely separated in break

92
Q

Fractures: Incomplete

A

Bone is still somewhat intact (like elastic greensticks, not fully broken)

93
Q

Fractures: Greenstick

A

Incomplete fracture often found in children when the bone is not completely broken and still hanging on by bended bone

94
Q

Fractures: Comminuted

A

Fracture where the bone is shattered (more than two pieces of bone [proximal, distal, fragments])

95
Q

Fractures: Butterfly fragment

A

Larger pieces of bone completely separated from a comminuted fracture

96
Q

Fractures: Compression

A

Bone is crunched/squished (frequent in vertebra)

97
Q

Fractures: Oblique

A

Bone is broken at a diagonal angle

98
Q

Fractures: Epiphyseal

A

(common in kids) separates epiphysis from diaphysis because plate is still cartilage and weaker than bone

99
Q

Fractures: Depressed

A

Broken bone is pushed inward (typical in skull fractures)

100
Q

Fractures: Pott’s fracture

A

Distal end of tibia/fibula/both are fractured - common sports injury

101
Q

Fractures: Colle’s fracture

A

Distal end of radius is fractured (fall injury)

102
Q

What are the steps of healing a fracture?

A
  1. Inflammation, 2. hematoma, 3. Swelling/pain, 4. Fibrocartilagenous callus forms, 5. Boney callus forms. 6. Bone remodeling
103
Q

What happens in the fibrocatilagenous phase of healing?

A

Few days after the injury, granulation tissue forms the soft callus, capillaries grow into tissues, phagocytic cells clean out debris

104
Q

What happens in the Boney phase of healing?

A

3-6 weeks after the injury, new trabecullae form hard callus, fibrocartilagenous callus converts to hard callus

105
Q

What happens in the Remodeling phase of healing?

A

3-4 months after injury -Excess material (from hematoma) around bone is removed, compact bone is re-laid to construct shaft walls

106
Q

Fractures: Linear

A

fracture is parallel to the long axis of bone

107
Q

Fractures: Transverse

A

Fracture is perpendicular to long axis of bone

108
Q

Fractures: Spiral

A

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted (common sports injury)

109
Q

Orthopedics

A

prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles

110
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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