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Anatomy and Physiology One > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization? (From most complex to simplest)

A

Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical, atom

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2
Q

Planes: Frontal

A

Vertical section separating front and back portions

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3
Q

Planes: Transverse

A

Horizontal section separating superior and inferior portions

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4
Q

Planes: Sagittal

A

Vertical section separating left and right portions

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5
Q

Regional Terms:

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

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6
Q

Regional Terms:

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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7
Q

Regional Terms:

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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8
Q

Regional Terms:

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

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9
Q

Regional Terms:

Brachial

A

Arm

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10
Q

Regional Terms:

Calcaneal

A

Ankle

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11
Q

Regional Terms:

Carpal

A

Wrist

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12
Q

Regional Terms:

Cephalic

A

Head

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13
Q

Regional Terms:

Cervical

A

Neck

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14
Q

Regional Terms:

Crural

A

Leg

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15
Q

Regional Terms:

Digital

A

Finger/toes

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16
Q

Regional Terms:

Dorsum

A

Back

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17
Q

Regional Terms:

Femoral

A

Thigh

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18
Q

Regional Terms:

Gluteal

A

Buttocks

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19
Q

Regional Terms:

Lumbar

A

Loin, lower back

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20
Q

Regional Terms:

Manual

A

Hand

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21
Q

Regional Terms:

Nasal

A

Nose

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22
Q

Regional Terms:

Occipital

A

Back of head

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23
Q

Regional Terms:

Olecranal

A

Elbow

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24
Q

Regional Terms:

Oral

A

Mouth

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25
Q

Regional Terms:

Otic

A

Ear

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26
Q

Regional Terms:

Palmar

A

Palm

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27
Q

Regional Terms:

Patellar

A

Knee

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28
Q

Regional Terms:

Pedal

A

Foot

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29
Q

Regional Terms:

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

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30
Q

Perineal

A

Between anus and genitalia

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31
Q

Regional Terms:

Plantar

A

Sole (foot)

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32
Q

Regional Terms:

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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33
Q

Regional Terms:

Pubic

A

Genital region

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34
Q

Regional Terms:

Sacral

A

Between hips (sacrum)

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35
Q

Regional Terms:

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade

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36
Q

Regional Terms:

Sural

A

Calf

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37
Q

Regional Terms:

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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38
Q

Regional Terms:

Vertebral

A

Spinal Column

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39
Q

Regional Terms:

Rostral

A

Forehead

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40
Q

Regional Terms:

Caudal

A

Towards the tail/ back

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41
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Anterior

A

Front

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42
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Ventral

A

Front

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43
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Posterior

A

Back

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44
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Dorsal

A

Back

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45
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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46
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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47
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Proximal

A

Closest to trunk or point of origin

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48
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Distal

A

Furthest from point of origin

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49
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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50
Q

Anatomical Terms:

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides

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51
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

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52
Q

Chemical Reactions:
1st shell # of Valence electrons
Highest # of valence electrons in outer shells

A

1st Shell - up to 2 electrons

Others - up to 8 electrons

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53
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Ionic Bond

A

Formed by the coming together by a loss or gain of electrons

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54
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Cation

A

Positively charged ion that gave away or lost an electron in an ionic bond

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55
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion that gained an electron in an ionic bond

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56
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Covalent Bond

A

Formed by the sharing of an electron

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57
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Polar bond

A

Covalent bond in which there is an unequal sharing of the valence electron because one atom has a stronger pull
Example: H2O

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58
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Nonpolar bond

A

Covalent bond in which there is equal sharing of the extra electron around each atom involved

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59
Q

Chemical Reactions:

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak chemical bond caused by an attraction between polarized molecules or polarized regions of the same molecule

60
Q

pH:

Acid

A

Low pH, closer to 0 on the scale -

Lots of free H+

61
Q

pH:

Alkaline / Base

A

High pH, closer to 14 on the scale -

Lots of OH-

62
Q

pH:

Neutral

A

pH of 7 - in between acidic and alkaline/base,

(H+) + (OH-) = H2O

63
Q

pH:

Blood?

A

Neutral and slightly basic with a pH between 7.3 and 7.45

64
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport - movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration along a concentration gradient

65
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water along the concentration gradient

“Water follows solute”

66
Q

What happens to water when blood is placed in a Hypertonic solution?

A

H2O will move out of the membrane into the higher concentration solution

67
Q

What happens to water when blood is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

H2O will move into the membrane into the higher concentration solution

68
Q

What happens to water when blood is placed in an isotonic solution?

A

“Nothing” water will enter and exit the membrane at the same rate.

69
Q

Cell structure:

Mitochondrion

A 
"Powerhouse of the cell"
Creates ATP (citric acid cycle, e -transport)
70
Q 
Cell structure:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth)
A

Synthesizes/metabolizes lipids

71
Q 
Cell structure:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)
A

Synthesizes/metabolizes proteins

-Studded with ribosomes

72
Q

Cell structure:

Centrosome

A

Organizes microtubules, regulates cell division (mitosis)

73
Q

Cell structure:

Cytoskeleton

A

Anchors organelles and gives the cell internal support

74
Q

Cell structure:

Golgi Apparaus/complex

A

Packages information for transmission

75
Q

Cell structure:

Lysosome

A

Contains enzymes to digest food or break down the dead cell

76
Q

Cell structure:

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material and nucleolus

77
Q

Tissues:

Epithelial

A

Used for coverage/lining and glandular function, avascular but highly regenerative

78
Q

Tissues:

Where would simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

Lungs, capillary walls, inside of heart

79
Q

Tissues:

Where would stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Keratinized - Skin

Nonkeratinized - esophagus, mouth, vagina

80
Q

Tissues:

Where would pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

Respiratory tracts

81
Q

Tissues:

Where would simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Lining the digestive tracts

82
Q

Tissues:

Where would simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Lining kidneys and the ducts of glands

83
Q

Tissues:

Where would transitional epithelium be found?

A

Lining urinary bladder, ureters , any expandable organ needing to hold and release fluid

84
Q

Tissues:

Connective

A 
Made of : Cells + Matrix (ground substance + fibers) [fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic]
Mostly vascular (except dense reg CTP and cartilage) and regenerative (except cartilage)
85
Q

Tissues:

Types of loose CTP

A

Areolar(connects skin to muscle), Adipose (fat) , Reticular (framework in nodes and spleen)

86
Q

Tissues:

Types of dense CTP

A

Regular (tendons/ligaments), Irregular (dermis), Elastic (arteries)

87
Q

Tissues:

Types of Cartilage CT

A

Hyaline (or articular) , fibrocartilage (or costal cartilage), elastic (like in the ear)

88
Q

Tissues:

Types of Osseous CT

A

Compact , Spongy (aka cancellous, trabecular)

89
Q

Tissues:

Main 4 types of CT

A

CTP (connective tissue proper), cartilage, osseous, blood

90
Q

Tissues:

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

91
Q

Tissues:

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated (from sarcomeres), voluntary, somatic stimulation, hypertrophy

92
Q

Tissues:

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated(no sarcomeres), involuntary, autonomic stimulation, hyperplasia

93
Q

Tissues:

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated(intercalated discs), involuntary, autonomic stimulation

94
Q

Tissues:

Organ

A

Two or more tissues together

95
Q

Tissues:

4 types of CT/Epithelial membranes

A

Mucous (“open” cavities and organs)
Serous (“closed” inner cavities and organs)
Cutaneous (skin)
Synovial (joints)

96
Q

Cavities:
Ventral:
Thoracic : Cavities w/ their membranes

A

Pleural cavity: Pleura

Pericardial cavity: Pericardium

97
Q

Cavities:
Ventral:
Abdominal: cavity w/ membrane

A

Abdominopelvic : Peritoneum

98
Q

Tissues:

Visceral membrane

A

Membrane on the organ within a cavity

99
Q

Tissues:

Parietal membrane

A

Membrane on the outer boundary of a cavity

100
Q

Cavities:
Dorsal:
Cranial & Vertebral Membranes

A

(Outer/parietal) Dura mater
(Middle) Arachnoid mater
(Inner/visceral) Pia mater

101
Q

Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane layers
(outermost to innermost)

A 
Stratum corneum
(Stratum lucidem) 
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
102
Q

Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes in stratum basale

103
Q

Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Cancer of the squamous cells of the epidermis

104
Q

Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Basal Cell carcinoma

A

Cancer of the keritinocytes in stratum basale

105
Q

Tissues:
Dense Irregular CTP:
Sebaceous gland

A

Secretes oily sebum through holocrine (cell bursts and becomes sebum) onto hair follicle

106
Q

Tissues:
Dense Irregular CTP:
Merocrine gland

A

Secretes watery sweat through merocrine (produces secretion) through duct to pore on surface for thermoregulation

107
Q

Tissues:
Burns:
First degree

A

Superficial - barely or goes through only epidermis

108
Q

Tissues:
Burns:
Second degree

A

Partial thickness - through epidermis and partial dermis

109
Q

Tissues:
Burns:
Third degree

A

Full thickness - through epidermis, dermis, hypodermis/ subcutaneous and potentially muscle and nerves beneath

110
Q

Tissues:
Burns:
Considered critical when :

A
  • 3rd degree burns on hands, feet or face.
  • Over 10% of body has 3rd degree
  • Over 25% of body has 2nd degree
111
Q

Tissues:
Burns:
What is treated first in a burn?
Next?

A

First- Fluid Loss

Then- Infection (debridement and antibiotics)

112
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Membranes

A

Periosteum (outer)

Endosteum (inner)

113
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Cells

A

Osteoblasts (create osteiod and matrix), osteoclasts (breakdown), osteoprogenitor (stem cells) , osteocytes in lacuna (mature bone cell)

114
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Hormone(s) that stimulate(s) osteoblasts

A 
Estrogen
Calcitonin (released to lower blood Ca levels by absorbing calcium into bone)
115
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Hormone that stimulates osteoclasts

A

Parathyroid (released to increase blood Ca levels by breaking down and pulling from bone)

116
Q

Tissues:
Ossification:
Intramembranous

A

Starts with mesenchyme (membrane) and creates flat bones

117
Q

Tissues:
Ossification:
Endochondral

A

Starts from hyaline cartilage in epiphyses to create long bones

118
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Structural types of bone

A

Flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid

119
Q

Joints:

3 main structural types

A

Synovial, fibrous, cartilagenous

120
Q

Joints:

3 main functional types

A

Diarthroses (free movement), Amphiarthrosis(limited movement), Synarthroses (no movement)

121
Q

Joints:
3 types of:
Fibrous

A

Syndesmosis (radius to ulna), sutures (skull) , Gomphosis (tooth to socket)

122
Q

Joints:
2 types of:
Cartilagenous

A

Symphysis (pubic symphysis)

Synchondrosis (costal cartilages)

123
Q

Joints:

Parts of a Synovial joint

A

Joint/articular capsule, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, ligaments

124
Q

Joints:
6 types of:
Synovial joints

A

Ball and socket, hinge, ellipsoidal, saddle, pivot, gliding

125
Q

Joints:

Parts of the knee joint

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, cruciate ligaments (anterior to posterior connection), collateral ligaments (medial and lateral connection), menisci (medial and lateral fibrocartilage)

126
Q

Fractures:

Comminuted

A

3 or more segments

127
Q

Fractures:

Compound

A

Penetrates skin

128
Q

Fractures:

Subluxation

A

Dislocation, joint is out of alignment

129
Q

Fractures:

Order of healing

A

Hematoma - soft callus - hard callus - remodeling

130
Q

Tissues:

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to bone

131
Q

Tissues:

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

132
Q

Tissues:
Osseous:
Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative (wear and tear) joint disease, characterized by crepitus(crunching sound), osteophytes(bone spurs), decrease in cartilage and synovial fluid of joint

133
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Triad

A

2 Terminal cisternae (store calcium) and one transverse tubule (pulls electrical or chemical impulses into the cell)

134
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
CT wrappings outer to inner

A

Tendon, fascia, epimysium, perimysium, (fasicle), endomysium, (fiber)

135
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit, z disc to z disc

136
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Sliding filament theory

A

Myosin and actin do not contract during contraction, they slide past each other interlocking heads

137
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
A band

A

Dark striation, contains myosin

138
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
I band

A

Light striation, contains actin

139
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
5 things needed for Action potential

A
  1. Somatic motor neuron stimulus
  2. ATP
  3. Resting membrane potential
  4. Plenty Calcium ions
  5. Optimal sarcomere resting length
140
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Resting Membrane potential

A 
Negative inside (lots of K+)
Positive outside (lots of Na++)
141
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Action Potential

A

Depolarization, propagation, repolarization (maybe hyperpolarization as well)

142
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Depolarization

A

Part of an action potential, Na++ flows into the cell making the inside positive

143
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Propagation

A

Part of an action potential, the action potential is spread to nearby sarcomeres

144
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Repolarization

A

Part of an action potential, K+ flows out of the cell making the inside negative again and outside positive

145
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Hyperpolarization

A

Too much K+ flows outside the cell making it further from the threshold and harder to get back to RMP (inhibits AP)

146
Q

Tissues:
Muscles:
Fiber types

A 
Fast glycolytic (light tissue, full of glycogen but lacks myoglobin) (sprint)
Slow oxidative (dark tissue, full of myoglobin and blood vessels) (endurance)

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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