Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the levels of structural organization? (From most complex to simplest)
A
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical, atom
2
Q
Planes: Frontal
A
Vertical section separating front and back portions
3
Q
Planes: Transverse
A
Horizontal section separating superior and inferior portions
4
Q
Planes: Sagittal
A
Vertical section separating left and right portions
5
Q
Regional Terms:
Abdominal
A
Abdomen
6
Q
Regional Terms:
Acromial
A
Shoulder
7
Q
Regional Terms:
Antebrachial
A
Forearm
8
Q
Regional Terms:
Antecubital
A
Front of elbow
9
Q
Regional Terms:
Brachial
A
Arm
10
Q
Regional Terms:
Calcaneal
A
Ankle
11
Q
Regional Terms:
Carpal
A
Wrist
12
Q
Regional Terms:
Cephalic
A
Head
13
Q
Regional Terms:
Cervical
A
Neck
14
Q
Regional Terms:
Crural
A
Leg
15
Q
Regional Terms:
Digital
A
Finger/toes
16
Q
Regional Terms:
Dorsum
A
Back
17
Q
Regional Terms:
Femoral
A
Thigh
18
Q
Regional Terms:
Gluteal
A
Buttocks
19
Q
Regional Terms:
Lumbar
A
Loin, lower back
20
Q
Regional Terms:
Manual
A
Hand
21
Q
Regional Terms:
Nasal
A
Nose
22
Q
Regional Terms:
Occipital
A
Back of head
23
Q
Regional Terms:
Olecranal
A
Elbow
24
Q
Regional Terms:
Oral
A
Mouth
25
Regional Terms:
| Otic
Ear
26
Regional Terms:
| Palmar
Palm
27
Regional Terms:
| Patellar
Knee
28
Regional Terms:
| Pedal
Foot
29
Regional Terms:
| Pelvic
Pelvis
30
Perineal
Between anus and genitalia
31
Regional Terms:
| Plantar
Sole (foot)
32
Regional Terms:
| Popliteal
Back of knee
33
Regional Terms:
| Pubic
Genital region
34
Regional Terms:
| Sacral
Between hips (sacrum)
35
Regional Terms:
| Scapular
Shoulder blade
36
Regional Terms:
| Sural
Calf
37
Regional Terms:
| Tarsal
Ankle
38
Regional Terms:
| Vertebral
Spinal Column
39
Regional Terms:
| Rostral
Forehead
40
Regional Terms:
| Caudal
Towards the tail/ back
41
Anatomical Terms:
| Anterior
Front
42
Anatomical Terms:
| Ventral
Front
43
Anatomical Terms:
| Posterior
Back
44
Anatomical Terms:
| Dorsal
Back
45
Anatomical Terms:
| Medial
Towards the midline
46
Anatomical Terms:
| Lateral
Away from the midline
47
Anatomical Terms:
| Proximal
Closest to trunk or point of origin
48
Anatomical Terms:
| Distal
Furthest from point of origin
49
Anatomical Terms:
| Ipsilateral
On the same side
50
Anatomical Terms:
| Contralateral
On opposite sides
51
Chemical Reactions:
| Valence electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
52
Chemical Reactions:
1st shell # of Valence electrons
Highest # of valence electrons in outer shells
1st Shell - up to 2 electrons
| Others - up to 8 electrons
53
Chemical Reactions:
| Ionic Bond
Formed by the coming together by a loss or gain of electrons
54
Chemical Reactions:
| Cation
Positively charged ion that gave away or lost an electron in an ionic bond
55
Chemical Reactions:
| Anion
Negatively charged ion that gained an electron in an ionic bond
56
Chemical Reactions:
| Covalent Bond
Formed by the sharing of an electron
57
Chemical Reactions:
| Polar bond
Covalent bond in which there is an unequal sharing of the valence electron because one atom has a stronger pull
Example: H2O
58
Chemical Reactions:
| Nonpolar bond
Covalent bond in which there is equal sharing of the extra electron around each atom involved
59
Chemical Reactions:
| Hydrogen bond
Weak chemical bond caused by an attraction between polarized molecules or polarized regions of the same molecule
60
pH:
| Acid
Low pH, closer to 0 on the scale -
| Lots of free H+
61
pH:
| Alkaline / Base
High pH, closer to 14 on the scale -
| Lots of OH-
62
pH:
| Neutral
pH of 7 - in between acidic and alkaline/base,
| (H+) + (OH-) = H2O
63
pH:
| Blood?
Neutral and slightly basic with a pH between 7.3 and 7.45
64
Diffusion
Passive transport - movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration along a concentration gradient
65
Osmosis
Diffusion of water along the concentration gradient
| "Water follows solute"
66
What happens to water when blood is placed in a Hypertonic solution?
H2O will move out of the membrane into the higher concentration solution
67
What happens to water when blood is placed in a hypotonic solution?
H2O will move into the membrane into the higher concentration solution
68
What happens to water when blood is placed in an isotonic solution?
"Nothing" water will enter and exit the membrane at the same rate.
69
Cell structure:
| Mitochondrion
```
"Powerhouse of the cell"
Creates ATP (citric acid cycle, e -transport)
```
70
```
Cell structure:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth)
```
Synthesizes/metabolizes lipids
71
```
Cell structure:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)
```
Synthesizes/metabolizes proteins
| -Studded with ribosomes
72
Cell structure:
| Centrosome
Organizes microtubules, regulates cell division (mitosis)
73
Cell structure:
| Cytoskeleton
Anchors organelles and gives the cell internal support
74
Cell structure:
| Golgi Apparaus/complex
Packages information for transmission
75
Cell structure:
| Lysosome
Contains enzymes to digest food or break down the dead cell
76
Cell structure:
| Nucleus
Contains genetic material and nucleolus
77
Tissues:
| Epithelial
Used for coverage/lining and glandular function, avascular but highly regenerative
78
Tissues:
| Where would simple squamous epithelium be found?
Lungs, capillary walls, inside of heart
79
Tissues:
| Where would stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Keratinized - Skin
| Nonkeratinized - esophagus, mouth, vagina
80
Tissues:
| Where would pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
Respiratory tracts
81
Tissues:
| Where would simple columnar epithelium be found?
Lining the digestive tracts
82
Tissues:
| Where would simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Lining kidneys and the ducts of glands
83
Tissues:
| Where would transitional epithelium be found?
Lining urinary bladder, ureters , any expandable organ needing to hold and release fluid
84
Tissues:
| Connective
```
Made of : Cells + Matrix (ground substance + fibers) [fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic]
Mostly vascular (except dense reg CTP and cartilage) and regenerative (except cartilage)
```
85
Tissues:
| Types of loose CTP
Areolar(connects skin to muscle), Adipose (fat) , Reticular (framework in nodes and spleen)
86
Tissues:
| Types of dense CTP
Regular (tendons/ligaments), Irregular (dermis), Elastic (arteries)
87
Tissues:
| Types of Cartilage CT
Hyaline (or articular) , fibrocartilage (or costal cartilage), elastic (like in the ear)
88
Tissues:
| Types of Osseous CT
Compact , Spongy (aka cancellous, trabecular)
89
Tissues:
| Main 4 types of CT
CTP (connective tissue proper), cartilage, osseous, blood
90
Tissues:
| 3 types of muscle
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
91
Tissues:
| Skeletal muscle
Striated (from sarcomeres), voluntary, somatic stimulation, hypertrophy
92
Tissues:
| Smooth muscle
Nonstriated(no sarcomeres), involuntary, autonomic stimulation, hyperplasia
93
Tissues:
| Cardiac muscle
Striated(intercalated discs), involuntary, autonomic stimulation
94
Tissues:
| Organ
Two or more tissues together
95
Tissues:
| 4 types of CT/Epithelial membranes
Mucous ("open" cavities and organs)
Serous ("closed" inner cavities and organs)
Cutaneous (skin)
Synovial (joints)
96
Cavities:
Ventral:
Thoracic : Cavities w/ their membranes
Pleural cavity: Pleura
Pericardial cavity: Pericardium
97
Cavities:
Ventral:
Abdominal: cavity w/ membrane
Abdominopelvic : Peritoneum
98
Tissues:
| Visceral membrane
Membrane on the organ within a cavity
99
Tissues:
| Parietal membrane
Membrane on the outer boundary of a cavity
100
Cavities:
Dorsal:
Cranial & Vertebral Membranes
(Outer/parietal) Dura mater
(Middle) Arachnoid mater
(Inner/visceral) Pia mater
101
Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane layers
(outermost to innermost)
```
Stratum corneum
(Stratum lucidem)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
```
102
Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes in stratum basale
103
Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer of the squamous cells of the epidermis
104
Tissues:
Cutaneous membrane disorders:
Basal Cell carcinoma
Cancer of the keritinocytes in stratum basale
105
Tissues:
Dense Irregular CTP:
Sebaceous gland
Secretes oily sebum through holocrine (cell bursts and becomes sebum) onto hair follicle
106
Tissues:
Dense Irregular CTP:
Merocrine gland
Secretes watery sweat through merocrine (produces secretion) through duct to pore on surface for thermoregulation
107
Tissues:
Burns:
First degree
Superficial - barely or goes through only epidermis
108
Tissues:
Burns:
Second degree
Partial thickness - through epidermis and partial dermis
109
Tissues:
Burns:
Third degree
Full thickness - through epidermis, dermis, hypodermis/ subcutaneous and potentially muscle and nerves beneath
110
Tissues:
Burns:
Considered critical when :
- 3rd degree burns on hands, feet or face.
- Over 10% of body has 3rd degree
- Over 25% of body has 2nd degree
111
Tissues:
Burns:
What is treated first in a burn?
Next?
First- Fluid Loss
| Then- Infection (debridement and antibiotics)
112
Tissues:
Osseous:
Membranes
Periosteum (outer)
| Endosteum (inner)
113
Tissues:
Osseous:
Cells
Osteoblasts (create osteiod and matrix), osteoclasts (breakdown), osteoprogenitor (stem cells) , osteocytes in lacuna (mature bone cell)
114
Tissues:
Osseous:
Hormone(s) that stimulate(s) osteoblasts
```
Estrogen
Calcitonin (released to lower blood Ca levels by absorbing calcium into bone)
```
115
Tissues:
Osseous:
Hormone that stimulates osteoclasts
Parathyroid (released to increase blood Ca levels by breaking down and pulling from bone)
116
Tissues:
Ossification:
Intramembranous
Starts with mesenchyme (membrane) and creates flat bones
117
Tissues:
Ossification:
Endochondral
Starts from hyaline cartilage in epiphyses to create long bones
118
Tissues:
Osseous:
Structural types of bone
Flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid
119
Joints:
| 3 main structural types
Synovial, fibrous, cartilagenous
120
Joints:
| 3 main functional types
Diarthroses (free movement), Amphiarthrosis(limited movement), Synarthroses (no movement)
121
Joints:
3 types of:
Fibrous
Syndesmosis (radius to ulna), sutures (skull) , Gomphosis (tooth to socket)
122
Joints:
2 types of:
Cartilagenous
Symphysis (pubic symphysis)
| Synchondrosis (costal cartilages)
123
Joints:
| Parts of a Synovial joint
Joint/articular capsule, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, ligaments
124
Joints:
6 types of:
Synovial joints
Ball and socket, hinge, ellipsoidal, saddle, pivot, gliding
125
Joints:
| Parts of the knee joint
Femur, tibia, fibula, cruciate ligaments (anterior to posterior connection), collateral ligaments (medial and lateral connection), menisci (medial and lateral fibrocartilage)
126
Fractures:
| Comminuted
3 or more segments
127
Fractures:
| Compound
Penetrates skin
128
Fractures:
| Subluxation
Dislocation, joint is out of alignment
129
Fractures:
| Order of healing
Hematoma - soft callus - hard callus - remodeling
130
Tissues:
| Tendon
Connects muscle to bone
131
Tissues:
| Ligament
Connects bone to bone
132
Tissues:
Osseous:
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative (wear and tear) joint disease, characterized by crepitus(crunching sound), osteophytes(bone spurs), decrease in cartilage and synovial fluid of joint
133
Tissues:
Muscles:
Triad
2 Terminal cisternae (store calcium) and one transverse tubule (pulls electrical or chemical impulses into the cell)
134
Tissues:
Muscles:
CT wrappings outer to inner
Tendon, fascia, epimysium, perimysium, (fasicle), endomysium, (fiber)
135
Tissues:
Muscles:
Sarcomere
Smallest contractile unit, z disc to z disc
136
Tissues:
Muscles:
Sliding filament theory
Myosin and actin do not contract during contraction, they slide past each other interlocking heads
137
Tissues:
Muscles:
A band
Dark striation, contains myosin
138
Tissues:
Muscles:
I band
Light striation, contains actin
139
Tissues:
Muscles:
5 things needed for Action potential
1. Somatic motor neuron stimulus
2. ATP
3. Resting membrane potential
4. Plenty Calcium ions
5. Optimal sarcomere resting length
140
Tissues:
Muscles:
Resting Membrane potential
```
Negative inside (lots of K+)
Positive outside (lots of Na++)
```
141
Tissues:
Muscles:
Action Potential
Depolarization, propagation, repolarization (maybe hyperpolarization as well)
142
Tissues:
Muscles:
Depolarization
Part of an action potential, Na++ flows into the cell making the inside positive
143
Tissues:
Muscles:
Propagation
Part of an action potential, the action potential is spread to nearby sarcomeres
144
Tissues:
Muscles:
Repolarization
Part of an action potential, K+ flows out of the cell making the inside negative again and outside positive
145
Tissues:
Muscles:
Hyperpolarization
Too much K+ flows outside the cell making it further from the threshold and harder to get back to RMP (inhibits AP)
146
Tissues:
Muscles:
Fiber types
```
Fast glycolytic (light tissue, full of glycogen but lacks myoglobin) (sprint)
Slow oxidative (dark tissue, full of myoglobin and blood vessels) (endurance)
```
