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Anatomy and Physiology One > Cell Review > Flashcards

Cell Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most abundant molecules in the body?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

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2
Q

What is the most abundant compound in the body?

A

Water (H2O)

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3
Q

Osmosis is

A

Movement of solvent molecules through semipermeable membrane from lower concentration into higher concentration in order to equalize the concentrations

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4
Q

Parts of a cell?

A

Cell membrane, Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosome, Ribosome, Nucleus, centrioles, mitochondrion, Golgi Apparatus, vesicles,cytoplasm

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5
Q

Cell Membrane?

A

Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell, also known as plasma

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6
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis, tube like structure

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes

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8
Q

Cytoplasm?

A

Water,salts,proteins that make up the solution within the cell that organelles float in

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Cell digestion

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein building and synthesizing

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, creates ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts and Sends parts of the cell

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14
Q

Vesicle

A

Sphere of membrane that carries something within a cell

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell mitosis, grab chromosomes

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16
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms in order to stabilize

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17
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

When the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time around one of the atoms

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18
Q

Nonpolar covalent Bond

A

When the electrons shared by atoms spend an equal amount of time around each atom

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Atoms will give and take electron(s) by electrostatic attraction creating anions and cations

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20
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged atom that have given away one or more electron(s)

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21
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged atom that has gained one or more electron(s)

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22
Q

Which bond is stronger, ionic or covalent?

A

Covalent

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Solvent moves from High to Low concentration along concentration gradient, requires no energy

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24
Q

What is the opposite of Diffusion?

A

Active transport

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25
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy
26
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down molecules
27
Anabolism
Chemical reactions that construct molecules, requires energy (from catabolism)
28
Metabolism
Chemical reactions that require energy,
29
Hydrophillic
Substances that dissolve in water
30
Hydrophobic
Substances that resist and do not dissolve in water
31
Hydrogen Bond
Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule
32
Electrolytes
Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
33
Free Radicals
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
34
Antioxidant
Chemical that neutralizes free radicals
35
Four main types of organic compounds?
Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
36
Protein
Polymer of amino acids, complex and coiled structures that provide structure, communication, catalysis, membrane transport, recognition and protection, movement
37
Carbohydrate
Hydrophilic molecule normally with the suffix -ose and prefix Sacchar-
38
Lipid
Hydrophobic molecule with high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids
39
Nucleic Acid
polymers of nucleotide, forms our genes and deliver instructions DNA and RNA
40
Dehydration Synthesis
Removing water to build large compounds from small ones
41
Hydrolysis
Adding water to break down compounds from big to small compounds
42
Ions
Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
43
Protons
Have a single positive charge, part of an atom, equals number of electrons. this plus neutrons make up atomic mass. # of protons determine atomic number.
44
Electrons
Have a single negative charge, part of an atom, equals number of protons.
45
Neutrons
Have no charge, "neutral" part of an atom, this plus protons makes up atomic mass
46
Valence electrons
The outermost shell of electrons that determine the chemical bonding properties
47
What is the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
48
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA (creates our genes)
49
Ribonucleic acid
RNA Carry instructions and synthesize proteins
50
Isotopes
Varieties of atoms, only changing in neutrons changing the atomic mass
51
Compounds
Molecules composed of two or more elements
52
Solution
consists of particles mixed with a more abundant substance
53
Solvent
the abundant substance in a mixture of a solution
54
Solute
Particles of matter mixed into the solvent
55
colloid/ colloidal dispersion
Solution that has particles that are able to remain evenly distributed through the solution
56
Suspension
Solution that separates, the particles are too large to remain dispersed and settle at the bottom of a solution
57
Emulsion
suspension of one liquid in another
58
What pH is acidic?
Any pH level below 7
59
What pH is basic?
Any pH level above 7
60
What is an acid?
A 'proton donor', molecule that releases a proton in water
61
What is a base?
A 'proton acceptor', molecule that accepts a proton in water
62
pH is...?
a measure derived from the molarity of H+
63
What is another word for basic in terms of pH?
Alkaline
64
What are buffers?
Chemical solutions that resist change in pH
65
What pH is neutral?
Only pH of 7
66
Decomposition Reaction
A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones
67
Synthesis Reaction
Two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one
68
Exchange Reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
69
Oxidation
Any chemical reactions in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
70
intracellular fluid (ICF)
GEL within the cell called cytosol
71
extracellular fluid (ECF)
body fluids not contained in the cell called tissue(interstitial) fluid
72
Aquaporins
Channels of transmembrane proteins specialized for passage of water
73
Hypotonic solution
lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid. absorb water, swell, and may burst
74
Hypertonic solution
Higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid. would lose water and shrivel
75
Isotonic solution
total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as the intracellular fluid. would cause no change in cell volume or shape

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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