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Anatomy and Physiology One > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

Review Tissues and types

1
Q

What are the two ways the body protects itself?

A

Mechanical barriers and Chemical barriers

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2
Q

Examples of Mechanical Barriers

A

Skin, mucosa, cillia of respiratory tract are examples of

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3
Q

Example of Chemical Barriers

A

Strong acid in the stomach is an example of

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4
Q

What is an inflammatory response characterized by?

A

Dilation of blood vessels, increase in permeability(leakage of fluid), redness, heat, swelling, and pain

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5
Q

How long can a remodeling phase of a wound last?

A

Two years

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6
Q

Granulation tissue is

A

The brand new connective tissue growing underneath the scab of a wound is

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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

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8
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Tissue growth through enlargement of preexisting cells

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9
Q

Neoplasia

A

Growth of a tumor through abnormal tissue growth

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10
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible change from one type of mature tissue to another

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11
Q

Dysplasia

A

Reversible change from one type of mature tissue to another/ enlargening

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12
Q

Anaplasia

A

Irreversible regenerative change from one type of tissue to cancerous

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13
Q

Differentiation

A

Unspecialized tissues become specialized mature tissue

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14
Q

Atrophy

A

“Waste away of tissue” from Loss of cell size or number of cells from disuse or denervation

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15
Q

Necrosis

A

pathological death of tissue

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16
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death (shrunken and phagocytized so no inflammation)

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17
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines body cavities open to exterior “wet”

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18
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines closed cavities of the body “wet”

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19
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

“Dry” lines the body–is the skin

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20
Q

How many epithelial membranes are there and what are they?

A

Three: Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous

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21
Q

How many fiber types are there and what are they?

A

Three: Elastic, reticular, collagen

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22
Q

Collagen fibers

A

thick fibers for strength found in bone, ligament, tendons

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23
Q

Reticular fibers

A

meshy fibers found in lymphatic tissue

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24
Q

Elastic fibers

A

stretchy fibers that are able to stretch out and return to original size

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25
Q

Cells: Fibr/o refers to

A

Connective Tissue Proper (word root)

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26
Q

Cells: Chondr/o refers to

A

Cartilage (word root)

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27
Q

Cells: Oste/o refers to

A

Bone (word root)

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28
Q

Cells: Hemat/o refers to

A

Blood (word root)

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29
Q

Nerve tissue function is and contains what type of cell?

A

Internal communication tissue containing large cells with long processes

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30
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there and what are they?

A

Three: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

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31
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue function is

A

Voluntary movement, facial expressions

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are

A

Cells are long and cylindrical with multiple nuclei (muscle fibers)

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33
Q

Which muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

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34
Q

Which muscle tissue is not striated

A

Smooth muscle

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35
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are

A

cells are branched and connected by intercalated discs (only in this muscle) with only one nuclei per cell

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36
Q

Cardiac muscle function is

A

involuntary function- pumps blood through muscle and vessels

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37
Q

Smooth muscle function is

A

involuntary function- Used for swallowing, labor contractions, control of air flow, pupil control, GI tract functions

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38
Q

Smooth muscle cells are

A

short fusiform cells with only one central nucleus

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39
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is found in

A

viscera, iris, hair follicles, sphincters

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40
Q

What are the four types of Connective tissue

A

CTP, Cartilage, Bone/osseous, Blood

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41
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of blood “tissue”

A

Variety of cells and cell fragments w/ & w/o nuclei found in heart and vessels

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43
Q

What are the two types of bone/osseous tissue

A

Compact bone and Spongy bone

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44
Q

What are the characteristics of Compact bone?

A

Have calcified/mineralized matrix w/ central canals that have holes for vessels to go up into bone

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45
Q

What are the characteristics of Spongy bone?

A

Makes up the interior of bones covered by compact bone.

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46
Q

What occurs in bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis (formation of blood), calcium/mineral/fat storage

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47
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

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48
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

Supportive tissue with rubbery matrix with no blood vessels

49
Q

What is the space that the cell is in within the matrix?

A

The Lacunae

50
Q

Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage

A

rubbery matrix, dispersed collagen fibers, w/ clustered chondrocytes in lacunae

51
Q

Characteristics of Elastic cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage with stretchy fibers providing flexible support.

52
Q

Characteristics of Fibrocartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage with extensive collagen fiber. Never has perichondrium. Absorbs shock and resists compression.

53
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

pubic symphesis(between pelvic bones), meniscus(pad protecting knee), and intervertebral discs

54
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

found in epiglottis and top of ears

55
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A

found in the larynx, trachea, joints, and fetal skeleton

56
Q

What comes together to make the matrix of tissue?

A

ground substance + fibers

57
Q

What are the components of tissue

A

cells, matrix (ground substance + fibers)

58
Q

What are the two types of Dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

59
Q

What are the characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Densely packed randomly arranged collagen fibers and few visible cells. withstands being pulled in directions

60
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

Found in deep layers of skin, sometimes capsules organs

61
Q

What are the characteristics of dense regular connective tissue

A

Densely packed parralel collagen fibers w/ compressed fibroblast nuclei

62
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

Found in tendons and ligaments holding bones to muscle and together

63
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, Reticular, adipose

64
Q

What are the characteristics of Areolar tissue?

A

Loose arrangement of cells and fibers in abundant ground substance connecting tissues (ex muscle to epithelial)

65
Q

What is areolar tissue called when under epithelial tissue?

A

Lamina Propria

66
Q

What are the characteristics of Reticular tissue?

A

Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, forms stroma (framework of lymphatic organs)

67
Q

What are the characteristics of Adipose tissue?

A

Empty looking cells with thin margins w/ nucleus pressed against cell membrane. Fat that insulates and cushions right under skin.

68
Q

What are the two main types of epithelial glands?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

69
Q

Endocrine glands secrete by

A

Secretions go into blood directly

70
Q

Exocrine glands secrete by

A

Secretions go out through a duct to the surface

71
Q

Types of secretions

A

Watery/thin, mucousy/sticky

72
Q

Longitudinal section

A

tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ

73
Q

Cross section

A

tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ

74
Q

Oblique section

A

tissue cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal

75
Q

Tissues: Epithe-

A

laid on, covering (word root)

76
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A

Avascular(no blood vessels) Has a free edge, basal surface, continuous sheet of cells that covers a body surface

77
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue

A

Water proofing, protection, secretion,filtration, excretion, absorption, sensory reception

78
Q

Four types of Epithelial tissue

A

Transitional, simple, stratified, pseudostratified

79
Q

Whats special about epithelium in terms of naming?

A

Tissue is named after cell shapes and type

80
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

One single layer of cells named by the shape of the cells

81
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

More than one layer of cells named by the apical cells

82
Q

What does apical surface refer to?

A

The free surface of the epithelium open to the inner area of a cavity

83
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

One single layer of cells that appears as muliple layers but are all attached to the basal surface

84
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the basement membrane attached to the inner edge of body cavity (facing other cells)

85
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Multilayered surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched

86
Q

Where would Stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules

87
Q

What do Stratified cuboidal epithelium do?

A

Secretes sweat, produces sperm and hormones

88
Q

Where would transitional epithelium be found?

A

Ureter and Bladder

89
Q

What does transitional epithelium do?

A

allows for filling of urinary tract

90
Q

Where would Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium be found?

A

tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

91
Q

What does Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium do?

A

Forms moist slippery layer

92
Q

Where would keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium be found?

A

Epidermal layer of skin

93
Q

What does keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium do?

A

retards water loss and provides a barrier to organisms

94
Q

Where would pseudostratified epithelium be found?

A

Respiratory tract

95
Q

What does pseudostratified epithelium do?

A

secretes and propels respiratory mucus

96
Q

Where would simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes

97
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium do?

A

Absorption and secretion, mucus secretion

98
Q

Where would simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Liver, thyrid, mammary and salivary glands, brochioles, and kidney tubules

99
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium do?

A

Absorption and secretion, mucus production

100
Q

Where would simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

101
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium do?

A

Permits diffusion of substances, secretes serous fluid

102
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Column shaped cell that secretes main component of mucus (found in respiratory& intestinal tracts)

103
Q

Another word for bone tissue is….

A

Osseous tissue

104
Q

What are the three primary germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

105
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outer germ layer, forms epidermis and nervous system

106
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Inner germ layer, forms mucous membrane lining GI tract, respiratory system, and glands

107
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A

Middle germ layer, becomes mesenchyme, whispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood

108
Q

What is the main tissue of origin of connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme

109
Q

What does visceral membrane line?

A

The body cavity/ body walls

110
Q

What does parietal membrane line?

A

The internal organs

111
Q

What tissues are considered avascular?

A

Epithelial and cartilage

112
Q

A legion is

A

A general term for any zone of tissue injury

113
Q

What are dendritic cells (Langerhans Cells)?

A

Immune cells

114
Q

In _________, cells and matrix are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal that contains blood vessels.

A

Osseous Tissue

115
Q

What does concentric mean?

A

Circles, arcs, or shapes that share the same center often larger circles surrounding smaller ones.

116
Q

What layer of skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer?

A

Hypodermis

117
Q

A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is

A

Adipose tissue

118
Q

A tissue specialized for framework of lymphnodes is

A

Reticular tissue

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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