Histology Flashcards
Review Tissues and types
1
Q
What are the two ways the body protects itself?
A
Mechanical barriers and Chemical barriers
2
Q
Examples of Mechanical Barriers
A
Skin, mucosa, cillia of respiratory tract are examples of
3
Q
Example of Chemical Barriers
A
Strong acid in the stomach is an example of
4
Q
What is an inflammatory response characterized by?
A
Dilation of blood vessels, increase in permeability(leakage of fluid), redness, heat, swelling, and pain
5
Q
How long can a remodeling phase of a wound last?
A
Two years
6
Q
Granulation tissue is
A
The brand new connective tissue growing underneath the scab of a wound is
7
Q
Hyperplasia
A
Tissue growth through cell multiplication
8
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Tissue growth through enlargement of preexisting cells
9
Q
Neoplasia
A
Growth of a tumor through abnormal tissue growth
10
Q
Metaplasia
A
Reversible change from one type of mature tissue to another
11
Q
Dysplasia
A
Reversible change from one type of mature tissue to another/ enlargening
12
Q
Anaplasia
A
Irreversible regenerative change from one type of tissue to cancerous
13
Q
Differentiation
A
Unspecialized tissues become specialized mature tissue
14
Q
Atrophy
A
“Waste away of tissue” from Loss of cell size or number of cells from disuse or denervation
15
Q
Necrosis
A
pathological death of tissue
16
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed cell death (shrunken and phagocytized so no inflammation)
17
Q
Mucous membrane
A
Lines body cavities open to exterior “wet”
18
Q
Serous membrane
A
Lines closed cavities of the body “wet”
19
Q
Cutaneous membrane
A
“Dry” lines the body–is the skin
20
Q
How many epithelial membranes are there and what are they?
A
Three: Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous
21
Q
How many fiber types are there and what are they?
A
Three: Elastic, reticular, collagen
22
Q
Collagen fibers
A
thick fibers for strength found in bone, ligament, tendons
23
Q
Reticular fibers
A
meshy fibers found in lymphatic tissue
24
Q
Elastic fibers
A
stretchy fibers that are able to stretch out and return to original size
25
Cells: Fibr/o refers to
Connective Tissue Proper (word root)
26
Cells: Chondr/o refers to
Cartilage (word root)
27
Cells: Oste/o refers to
Bone (word root)
28
Cells: Hemat/o refers to
Blood (word root)
29
Nerve tissue function is and contains what type of cell?
Internal communication tissue containing large cells with long processes
30
How many types of muscle tissue are there and what are they?
Three: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
31
Skeletal muscle tissue function is
Voluntary movement, facial expressions
32
Skeletal muscle cells are
Cells are long and cylindrical with multiple nuclei (muscle fibers)
33
Which muscle tissues are striated?
Skeletal and Cardiac
34
Which muscle tissue is not striated
Smooth muscle
35
Cardiac muscle cells are
cells are branched and connected by intercalated discs (only in this muscle) with only one nuclei per cell
36
Cardiac muscle function is
involuntary function- pumps blood through muscle and vessels
37
Smooth muscle function is
involuntary function- Used for swallowing, labor contractions, control of air flow, pupil control, GI tract functions
38
Smooth muscle cells are
short fusiform cells with only one central nucleus
39
Smooth muscle tissue is found in
viscera, iris, hair follicles, sphincters
40
What are the four types of Connective tissue
CTP, Cartilage, Bone/osseous, Blood
41
What are the four main types of tissue?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
42
What are the characteristics of blood "tissue"
Variety of cells and cell fragments w/ & w/o nuclei found in heart and vessels
43
What are the two types of bone/osseous tissue
Compact bone and Spongy bone
44
What are the characteristics of Compact bone?
Have calcified/mineralized matrix w/ central canals that have holes for vessels to go up into bone
45
What are the characteristics of Spongy bone?
Makes up the interior of bones covered by compact bone.
46
What occurs in bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis (formation of blood), calcium/mineral/fat storage
47
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
48
Characteristics of cartilage
Supportive tissue with rubbery matrix with no blood vessels
49
What is the space that the cell is in within the matrix?
The Lacunae
50
Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage
rubbery matrix, dispersed collagen fibers, w/ clustered chondrocytes in lacunae
51
Characteristics of Elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage with stretchy fibers providing flexible support.
52
Characteristics of Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage with extensive collagen fiber. Never has perichondrium. Absorbs shock and resists compression.
53
where is fibrocartilage found?
pubic symphesis(between pelvic bones), meniscus(pad protecting knee), and intervertebral discs
54
where is elastic cartilage found?
found in epiglottis and top of ears
55
Where is Hyaline cartilage found?
found in the larynx, trachea, joints, and fetal skeleton
56
What comes together to make the matrix of tissue?
ground substance + fibers
57
What are the components of tissue
cells, matrix (ground substance + fibers)
58
What are the two types of Dense connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue
59
What are the characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
Densely packed randomly arranged collagen fibers and few visible cells. withstands being pulled in directions
60
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
Found in deep layers of skin, sometimes capsules organs
61
What are the characteristics of dense regular connective tissue
Densely packed parralel collagen fibers w/ compressed fibroblast nuclei
62
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Found in tendons and ligaments holding bones to muscle and together
63
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar, Reticular, adipose
64
What are the characteristics of Areolar tissue?
Loose arrangement of cells and fibers in abundant ground substance connecting tissues (ex muscle to epithelial)
65
What is areolar tissue called when under epithelial tissue?
Lamina Propria
66
What are the characteristics of Reticular tissue?
Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, forms stroma (framework of lymphatic organs)
67
What are the characteristics of Adipose tissue?
Empty looking cells with thin margins w/ nucleus pressed against cell membrane. Fat that insulates and cushions right under skin.
68
What are the two main types of epithelial glands?
Endocrine and Exocrine
69
Endocrine glands secrete by
Secretions go into blood directly
70
Exocrine glands secrete by
Secretions go out through a duct to the surface
71
Types of secretions
Watery/thin, mucousy/sticky
72
Longitudinal section
tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ
73
Cross section
tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ
74
Oblique section
tissue cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal
75
Tissues: Epithe-
laid on, covering (word root)
76
Characteristics of Epithelial tissue
Avascular(no blood vessels) Has a free edge, basal surface, continuous sheet of cells that covers a body surface
77
Functions of Epithelial tissue
Water proofing, protection, secretion,filtration, excretion, absorption, sensory reception
78
Four types of Epithelial tissue
Transitional, simple, stratified, pseudostratified
79
Whats special about epithelium in terms of naming?
Tissue is named after cell shapes and type
80
What is simple epithelium?
One single layer of cells named by the shape of the cells
81
What is stratified epithelium?
More than one layer of cells named by the apical cells
82
What does apical surface refer to?
The free surface of the epithelium open to the inner area of a cavity
83
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
One single layer of cells that appears as muliple layers but are all attached to the basal surface
84
What is the basal surface?
the basement membrane attached to the inner edge of body cavity (facing other cells)
85
What is transitional epithelium?
Multilayered surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
86
Where would Stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules
87
What do Stratified cuboidal epithelium do?
Secretes sweat, produces sperm and hormones
88
Where would transitional epithelium be found?
Ureter and Bladder
89
What does transitional epithelium do?
allows for filling of urinary tract
90
Where would Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium be found?
tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
91
What does Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium do?
Forms moist slippery layer
92
Where would keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium be found?
Epidermal layer of skin
93
What does keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium do?
retards water loss and provides a barrier to organisms
94
Where would pseudostratified epithelium be found?
Respiratory tract
95
What does pseudostratified epithelium do?
secretes and propels respiratory mucus
96
Where would simple columnar epithelium be found?
Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes
97
What does simple columnar epithelium do?
Absorption and secretion, mucus secretion
98
Where would simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Liver, thyrid, mammary and salivary glands, brochioles, and kidney tubules
99
What does simple cuboidal epithelium do?
Absorption and secretion, mucus production
100
Where would simple squamous epithelium be found?
Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
101
What does simple squamous epithelium do?
Permits diffusion of substances, secretes serous fluid
102
What is a goblet cell?
Column shaped cell that secretes main component of mucus (found in respiratory& intestinal tracts)
103
Another word for bone tissue is....
Osseous tissue
104
What are the three primary germ layers?
Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
105
What is the ectoderm?
Outer germ layer, forms epidermis and nervous system
106
What is the endoderm?
Inner germ layer, forms mucous membrane lining GI tract, respiratory system, and glands
107
What is the Mesoderm?
Middle germ layer, becomes mesenchyme, whispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood
108
What is the main tissue of origin of connective tissues?
Mesenchyme
109
What does visceral membrane line?
The body cavity/ body walls
110
What does parietal membrane line?
The internal organs
111
What tissues are considered avascular?
Epithelial and cartilage
112
A legion is
A general term for any zone of tissue injury
113
What are dendritic cells (Langerhans Cells)?
Immune cells
114
In _________, cells and matrix are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal that contains blood vessels.
Osseous Tissue
115
What does concentric mean?
Circles, arcs, or shapes that share the same center often larger circles surrounding smaller ones.
116
What layer of skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer?
Hypodermis
117
A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is
Adipose tissue
118
A tissue specialized for framework of lymphnodes is
Reticular tissue
