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CP2 Ophthlamology > Orthotics > Flashcards

Orthotics Flashcards

1
Q

Binocular vision

A

Brains ability to perceive an image with each eye as a single image

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2
Q

Fusion

A

2 images of an object make one

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3
Q

Steropsis

A

Fused images seen in depth

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4
Q

Manifest squint

A

Obvious deviation of eye, visual axis not normally aligned

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5
Q

How to detect manifest squint

A

Cover/uncover test

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6
Q

Suffix manifest squint

A

-tropia

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7
Q

Latent squint

A

Tendency for eyes to deviate

But normally aligned

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8
Q

Suffix latent squint

A

-phoria

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9
Q

How to detect latent squints

A

Alternate cover test

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10
Q

Concomitant squint

A

Non-paralytic

Squint remains same size and direction in all positions of gaze

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11
Q

Incomitant squint

A

Paralytic squint
Changes is different positions of gaze
Due to underreaction of at least 1 extraoccular mm

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12
Q

When are incomitant’s squints most obvious

A

When gaze directed towards affected mm

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13
Q

Who gets diplopia + squint

A

If squint has developed after visual development (>7)

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14
Q

Who gets diplopia + suppression

A

<7

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15
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye

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16
Q

Causes amblyopia (3)

A

Stimulus deprivation - cataract
Strabismus
Anisometropic

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17
Q

What is strabismus

A

The eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is focused on an object can alternate.

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18
Q

Anisometropia

A

when your eyes have varying refractive powers, which can cause your eyes to focus unevenly

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19
Q

Mx ambylopia

A

Occlusion good eye w/ patch 6hrs day

Correction of squint

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20
Q

What % babies at birth have concomitant squints

A

73%

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21
Q

What conditions are concomitant squints associated with (4)

A

Idiopathic
Anisometropia
Severe hypermetropia/myopia
Retinoblastoma

22
Q

PS concomitant squint

A

NO diplopia
Extraocc mm normal
Both eyes have full movement when tested separately

23
Q

2 types of concomitant squint

A

Convergent/esotropia

Divergent exotropia

24
Q

Assessment Concomitant squint

A 
Cover test (manifest) 
Alt cover test (latent) 
Corneal reflections 
VA (rule out amblyopia) 
Fundoscopy (rule out retinoblastoma)
25
Q

What type of lenses do you need to correct a convergent squint?

A

convex

26
Q

What type of lenses do you need to correct a divergent squint

A

Concave

27
Q

Mx concomitant squint

A

Correct refractive error w/ lens
Eeye patching
Eye exercising
Surgery if severe

28
Q

What are incomitant squints usually due to?

A

CN palsies

29
Q

Features CN III palsies

A

Eyes - down and out
Complete ptosis
Efferent pupillary defect

30
Q

Features CN IV palsies

A

Eyes - upward at rest + adduction
Pt complains of tilt image
Diplopia on looking down

31
Q

Features CN VI palises

A

Can’t abduct affected eye

May drift medially

32
Q

Which nn palsies is Herpes zoster ohthalmicum related to

A

IV

III

33
Q

Which nn palsy is demyelination related to?

A

VI

34
Q

If a palsy is CN III and pupil sparing, what is it likely to be related to

A

Microvascular causes - DM/HTN

35
Q

Mx diplopia is incomitant squint

A

Prisms
Occlusions #
Surgery if diplopia stable

36
Q

Numbers - emmetorpia

A

Cornea - 40D
Lens - 20D
Axial length - 22.22mm

37
Q

WHat is axial length

A

Distance between the anterior surface of the cornea and the fovea

38
Q

Myopia

A

Short sighted

39
Q

What happens to light in myopia

A

Focused in front of retina

40
Q

Axial length and refractive power in myopia

A

AL -> 22.22

RP >60D

41
Q

What conditions is myopia associated with? (4)

A

Cataracts
POAG
PVD and retinal detachment
Keratoconus

42
Q

Mx myopia

A

Concave lens

43
Q

Hypermetropia

A

Long sighted

44
Q

What happens to light in hypermetropia

A

Focused behind the retina

45
Q

Axial length and refractive power - hypermetropia

A

AL < 22.22

RP <60

46
Q

What conditions is hypermetropia associated with? (3)

A

AACG
Squint
Amblyopia

47
Q

Mx hypermetropia

A

Convex lens

48
Q

+ves soft contact lenses (4)

A

Flexible/comfortable
Larger d - secure fit
Safer for spots
Can be used for extended wear

49
Q

-ves soft contact lenses (4)

A

Split easily
Depositions from tear
> expensive
dehydrates

50
Q

+ves rigid gas permeable lenses

A

Duration = good for all day wear
Smaller d = reduce risk hypoxia
Smoother ocular surface
Easier to clean

51
Q

-ves rigid gas permeable lens

A

Poor initial comfort

Prone to fall out of eye

CP2 Ophthlamology (11 decks)

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