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CP2 Ophthlamology > Orthotics > Flashcards

Orthotics Flashcards

1
Q

Binocular vision

A

Brains ability to perceive an image with each eye as a single image

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2
Q

Fusion

A

2 images of an object make one

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3
Q

Steropsis

A

Fused images seen in depth

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4
Q

Manifest squint

A

Obvious deviation of eye, visual axis not normally aligned

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5
Q

How to detect manifest squint

A

Cover/uncover test

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6
Q

Suffix manifest squint

A

-tropia

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7
Q

Latent squint

A

Tendency for eyes to deviate

But normally aligned

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8
Q

Suffix latent squint

A

-phoria

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9
Q

How to detect latent squints

A

Alternate cover test

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10
Q

Concomitant squint

A

Non-paralytic

Squint remains same size and direction in all positions of gaze

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11
Q

Incomitant squint

A

Paralytic squint
Changes is different positions of gaze
Due to underreaction of at least 1 extraoccular mm

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12
Q

When are incomitant’s squints most obvious

A

When gaze directed towards affected mm

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13
Q

Who gets diplopia + squint

A

If squint has developed after visual development (>7)

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14
Q

Who gets diplopia + suppression

A

<7

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15
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye

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16
Q

Causes amblyopia (3)

A

Stimulus deprivation - cataract
Strabismus
Anisometropic

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17
Q

What is strabismus

A

The eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is focused on an object can alternate.

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18
Q

Anisometropia

A

when your eyes have varying refractive powers, which can cause your eyes to focus unevenly

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19
Q

Mx ambylopia

A

Occlusion good eye w/ patch 6hrs day

Correction of squint

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20
Q

What % babies at birth have concomitant squints

A

73%

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21
Q

What conditions are concomitant squints associated with (4)

A

Idiopathic
Anisometropia
Severe hypermetropia/myopia
Retinoblastoma

22
Q

PS concomitant squint

A

NO diplopia
Extraocc mm normal
Both eyes have full movement when tested separately

23
Q

2 types of concomitant squint

A

Convergent/esotropia

Divergent exotropia

24
Q

Assessment Concomitant squint

A 
Cover test (manifest) 
Alt cover test (latent) 
Corneal reflections 
VA (rule out amblyopia) 
Fundoscopy (rule out retinoblastoma)
25
What type of lenses do you need to correct a convergent squint?
convex
26
What type of lenses do you need to correct a divergent squint
Concave
27
Mx concomitant squint
Correct refractive error w/ lens Eeye patching Eye exercising Surgery if severe
28
What are incomitant squints usually due to?
CN palsies
29
Features CN III palsies
Eyes - down and out Complete ptosis Efferent pupillary defect
30
Features CN IV palsies
Eyes - upward at rest + adduction Pt complains of tilt image Diplopia on looking down
31
Features CN VI palises
Can't abduct affected eye | May drift medially
32
Which nn palsies is Herpes zoster ohthalmicum related to
IV | III
33
Which nn palsy is demyelination related to?
VI
34
If a palsy is CN III and pupil sparing, what is it likely to be related to
Microvascular causes - DM/HTN
35
Mx diplopia is incomitant squint
Prisms Occlusions # Surgery if diplopia stable
36
Numbers - emmetorpia
Cornea - 40D Lens - 20D Axial length - 22.22mm
37
WHat is axial length
Distance between the anterior surface of the cornea and the fovea
38
Myopia
Short sighted
39
What happens to light in myopia
Focused in front of retina
40
Axial length and refractive power in myopia
AL -> 22.22 | RP >60D
41
What conditions is myopia associated with? (4)
Cataracts POAG PVD and retinal detachment Keratoconus
42
Mx myopia
Concave lens
43
Hypermetropia
Long sighted
44
What happens to light in hypermetropia
Focused behind the retina
45
Axial length and refractive power - hypermetropia
AL < 22.22 | RP <60
46
What conditions is hypermetropia associated with? (3)
AACG Squint Amblyopia
47
Mx hypermetropia
Convex lens
48
+ves soft contact lenses (4)
Flexible/comfortable Larger d - secure fit Safer for spots Can be used for extended wear
49
-ves soft contact lenses (4)
Split easily Depositions from tear > expensive dehydrates
50
+ves rigid gas permeable lenses
Duration = good for all day wear Smaller d = reduce risk hypoxia Smoother ocular surface Easier to clean
51
-ves rigid gas permeable lens
Poor initial comfort | Prone to fall out of eye

CP2 Ophthlamology (11 decks)

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