Orthopedic Flashcards
What is the two most reason for acquired amputation?
Peripheral arterial disease and trauma
What is peripheral arterial disease?
Plaque build-up (atherosclerosis), reduce blood flow.
What is diabetes Mellitus?
Body cannot produce insulin, properly use insulin, lead to high blood sugar levels.
Type 1: immune system attacks beta cells in pancreas, little to none insulin released (adolescence)
Type 2: cannot use insulin released, or not making enough (more acquired)
What is Diabetes Neuropathy?
Nerve damage caused by diabetes. Unnoticed cuts and sores in hands and feet lead to amputation.
What are the 3 types of L/E amputations?
Toe, below knee, above knee.
What are the 3 types of U/E amputations?
Forequarter - arm, scapula, clavicle
Transhumeral - through humeral
Transradial - through radius and ulna
What are stump care practice?
Diagonal bandages, pressure gradual firm on end to moderate on top, Reapply 4x a day, straight limbs.
Above knee, whole stump bandage to buttock crease.
What are the two types of fractures?
Traumatic - from sustained trauma
Pathological - from underlying disease (ex. osteoporosis)
What are the two types of soft-tissue involvement?
Closed fracture - skin intact
Open/ Compound fracture - wound communicates with fracture
What is a greenstick, transverse, spiral, and oblique fracture?
Greenstick: not fully broken
Transverse: straight across
Spiral: twisting of bone
Oblique: diagonal, compression due to falls
What are the 4 stages of fracture healing process?
- Inflammatory: blood clot formation, tissue bleed around site, forms blood clot, phagocytes clean area. Immediate.
- Soft-callous: Forms network of collagen by chondroblasts, hold bone fragment together. 4 days to 3 weeks.
- Hard callus: Formed through osteoblasts, creating new bone, adding mineral. 4-6 weeks
- Remodeling: Osteoclast break down extra bone. 6 weeks- years.
