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Ortho > Orthodontic Diagnosis > Flashcards

Orthodontic Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the GDC definition of Orthodontics

A

development, prevention and correction of irregularities of the teeth, bite and jaws

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2
Q

what are the aims of orthodontics

A

improve performance of the dentition

aim to provide long lasting adult dentition

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3
Q

list 4 reasons why orthodontics is carried out

A

dental health
aesthetics
psychological well being
specific issues i.e not aligned, supernumerary etc

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4
Q

define hypodontia

A

missing teeth

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5
Q

define supernumerary teeth

A

extra teeth

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6
Q

define overjet

A

horizontal distance between incisal edges of upper and lower incisors
AKA protrusion
increased in Class II div I

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7
Q

define reverse overjet

A 
class III
lower teeth further forward
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8
Q

define overbite

A

vertical overlap of upper anterior teeth over lower anterior teeth

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9
Q

define anterior open bite

A

anterior teeth don’t meet in occlusion

no overlap between upper and lower anterior

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10
Q

define submerged teeth

A

deciduous
depressed below the occlusal plane
ankylosed to bone
mainly primary molars

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11
Q

define crossbite

A

tooth is more buccal/lingual in comparison to other teeth in the arch

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12
Q

define posterior cross bite

A

top posterior teeth bite down inside the lower posterior teeth rather than maxilla
due to narrow maxilla and upper dental arch

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13
Q

define anterior crossbite

A

upper teeth sitting behind lower teeth

aka underbite or reverse overjet

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14
Q

When does the mandible start to develop?

A

6th week inter-uterine life

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15
Q

where are the maxilla and mandible derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

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16
Q

what is one of the earliest bones to develop in the head?

A

mandible- 6th week iu

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17
Q

how is maxilla formed

A

intramemembranous ossification - 6th week iu

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18
Q

define intramembranous ossification

A

direct laying down of bone into the connective tissue (mesenchyme)
dirrect differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts
no cartilage is involved

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19
Q

how does the maxilla grow

A

downs and forwards due to extensive remodeling and bony deposition at sutures within the naso-maxillary complex

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20
Q

define displacement

A

growth which causes the mass of a bone to be moved in relation to other bones

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21
Q

define drift

A

change in position of a bony stricture to to remodeling of that stricture

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22
Q

how is the mandible formed

A

intramembranous ossification- 6th week iu

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23
Q

at what age do teeth start to erupt

A

6 months

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24
Q

when is primary dentition complete

A

3 years

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25
Q

when does the permanent dentition start to form

A

6 years - 6s

26
Q

who can be given antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditits

A

those consider in a special consideration group- SDCEP so need non-routine management

27
Q

what is phenytoin and what can it cause

A

anti-epileptic

gingival overgrowth/hyperplasia

28
Q

what is rheumatic fever and how is it linked to dentistry

A

an inflammatory disease which affects heart, joints, skin etc
tends to occur after Group A streptococcal infection (strep throat or scarlet fever)

29
Q

what are side effects of bisphosphonates

A

delayed tooth eruption
impaired bone healing
osteoradionecrosis of the jaw

30
Q

what to do if someone has a severe bleeding disorder

A

avoid extractions if possible

31
Q

why should a diabetic patient have good OH

A

as risk of periodontal breakdown

32
Q

what advice should be given to a patient that uses an inhaler

A

rinse mouth and appliance after using inhaler

33
Q

what is recurrent apthous ulcerations

A

painful ulcers in oral mucosa

can be exacerbated by trauma from appliances

34
Q

give examples of habits that can cause problems

A

thumb sucking
nail biting
pen chewing
musical instruments

35
Q

how should the patient be positioned when measuring the skeletal pattern

A

natural head position

teeth in maximum interdigitation

36
Q

in which 3 planes is a skeletal pattern assessed

A

anteroposterior- view from side
vertical- viwe from side
transverse- view from front and above

37
Q

what are the classifications of a skeletal pattern

A

Class I- mandible 2-3 mm posterior to maxilla
Class II - mandible retruded relative to maxilla
Class III- mandible protruded relative to maxilla

38
Q

what type of radiograph can be taken when assessing anteroposterior skeletal pattern

A

lateral cephalogram

39
Q

in which 2 ways can the vertical skeletal pattern be masuered

A

Lower facial height

FMPA- Frankfort mandibular plane angle

40
Q

Describe lower facial height

A

the distance from the eyebrow to the base of the nose should equal the distance from the base of the nose to the lowest point of the chin
if the nose-chin distance is greater then the lower facial height is increased and if less than the eyebrow-nose then the lower facial height reduced

41
Q

describe FMPA

A

Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle
if the two meet at the back of the head, angle is normal
if they meet beyond the back of the head, the angle will be reduced
if they meet before the back of the head, angle is increased

42
Q

what can be measured to test the transverse skeletal pattern

A

occlusal plane symmetry- pt bites on to tongue spatula

43
Q

what can a tongue thrust cause

A

anterior open bite

44
Q

what are problems thumb sucking can cause

A

increased overjet
open bite
posterior crossbite
narrow upper arch

45
Q

What should be observed with the labial segment

A

aligned, crowding, spaced

if any rotations or displacements

46
Q

how is crowding measured

A

mild- 4mm or less
moderate- 5-8mm
severe- >9mm

47
Q

what can be measured within the labial segment

A

overjet
overbite
centrelines
anterior cross bite

48
Q

what should be observed within the buccal segment

A

crowding, rotations, displaced teeth

crossbites- unilateral/bilateral

49
Q

which radiograph would you take to observe overall dental assessment

A

DPT

50
Q

which radiograph would you take to check for skeletal discrepancies

A

lateral cephalogram

51
Q

which radiograph would you take to check for root resorption or check position on unerupted canine

A

upper anterior occlusal

52
Q

which radiograph would you take for assessment ofimpacted teeth or bone assessment of cleft lip and palate

A

CBCT

53
Q

what is IOTN and what are the 2 elements

A

index of orthodontic treatment need
dental health component
aesthetics component

54
Q

what is the dental health component

A

single worst feature is noted and categorised in one of the 5 grades

55
Q

what is ‘mocdo’

A 
to identify single worst feature for dental health component
missing
overjet
crossbites
displacement of contact points
overbite
56
Q

what are the grades for the dental health component for IOTN

A

1- no treatment

5- severe treatment need

57
Q

how is the aesthetics component measured

A

10 standard photographs

1- most aesthetically pleasing

58
Q

what is the problem with the aesthetics component

A 
can be subjective
class III or anterior openbites not included in photos
59
Q

what equipment can be used to measure IOTN

A

IOTN ruler

60
Q

why are retention appliances important?

A

to prevent relapse

Ortho (10 decks)

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