origins Flashcards
paranasal sinuses
ectoderm
pharynx
ectoderm
sebaceous gland
ectoderm, holocrine
eccrinen gland
ectoderm
salivary gland
ectoderm, merocrine and multiglandular
mammary glannd
ectoderm, apocrine
posterior pituitary gland
ectoderm, neural tube
- oxytocin and ADH to kidney NOT MADE HERE
pineal gland
ectoderm
epithelium of blood + lymph vessles
mesoderm
andrenal cortex origin
mesoderm
cytokeratins
made by all epithelium cells
-intermediate filament
grocott methenamine silver
stains type iii collagen, fungus and microbes black
siehl neelsen acid fast bacilli stain
stains microbes purple
silver stain
stains reticulin black
wrights stains
stains rBC pink
connective tissue
mesoderm
connective tissue function
SEDS
- structure
exchange
defense
storage of fat
macrophage in liver
kuppfer cells
macrophage in skin
langerhans
somatic system
impulses directly transmitted to skeletal muscle via 1 neuron
autonomic
PNS
- impulse transmitted to autonomic ganglia then second neuron to the muscles
- fight or flight
endocrine gland
endocrine
liver
ENDODERM
pancreas
endoderm
respiratory tract
endoderm
kidney
mesoderm
gonads
mesoderm
endothelium
mesoderm
what is mesothelium
epithelium of various body cavities:
- thoracic (pleura)
- abdominal (peritoneum)
- pericardium (heart sac)
- male internal organs
cytokeratins
- produced by all epithelial cells in the cytoplasm (serves as a marker)
- intermediate filament proteins
- give cells their architecture
all cells have
1 cillis
multicell exocrine gland
- all cells produce the secretion together
- simple: intestinal
- compound: salivary
kidney functions
A - acid base balance
W - water removal
E - erythropoeisis
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure control
E - electrolyte balance
D - vit D activation
kidney capsule
- outer layer is fibroblast
- inner is myofibroblast
- dense irregular connective
renal medulla and calyx
- 6-12 renal pyramids
- apex of each is minor calyx
- major = 2-3 minor
- renal pelvis joins the ccalyces
what is in a nephron
- renal corpuscle
- proximal connvluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal ct
where is macula densa found and how does it work
- btw ascending loop and dct
- sense low concentration of na, trigger jga cells to release renin etc and shut off naturetic peptides
what does aldosterone do
- acts on connecting tubules and collecting ducts
- increases na and water
- k secretion
- increases bp and volume
natriuresis peptides
- vasodilation
- inhibit reninn release
- decrease bp
- more sodium and water out
what is in kidney cortex
- renal corpuscle
- tubular network
- medullary rays
- a bit of loop and collecting duct too
tubular network
- convoluted and straight tubes of nephron
- connecting tubules
- collecting ducts
- rich vasculature
medullary rays
- straight and collecting ducts
- for water??
whats in kidney medulla
- straight tubes, collecting duct, vasa recta, medullary pyramid with cortical column
- bulk of loop of henle
pee path
- collecting duct, minor calyx, major, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
- three openings
where is transitional epi found
- urinary bladder
- calyces
- ureters
- urethra initial segment
what is in lamina propria
- part of mucosa
eosinophile - lymph tissue called galt
what glands secrete into mucosa
- mucosal, submucosal, extramural (from liver and pancreas)
tissue layers respiratory of esophagus tract
in to out:
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
- adventita
where to find adventitia mucus
- thoracic portion of esophagus, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, anal canal
- connective tissue that fixes stuff to wall
parietal cells make
hcl and intrinsic factor (binds b12)
what is in gastric juice
- water, electro, hcl, pepsin, mucus, IF
- submucosa of duodenum
- has brunner glands that secrete basic stuff
b12 absorption
- binds to haptocorrin in salivary and stomach then broken in stomach by IF. then taken to duodenum, rebound by HC and then absorbed by SI
large intestine mucosa
- smooth with no villi and stuff
- no paneth cells in the crypts
- lamina propria has LOTS of GALT with little lymph drainage
vascular endothelium
- simple squamous epi
- makes growth factors and mediators
- modulates blood flow and vascular resistance
- no spontaneous clotting
- regulars immune and innflammatory response
- metabolize L and VLDL
tunica intima
- simple squam endolthelium
- arteries have elastic mem
tunica media and how to stain
- smooth muscle
- elastic fibers
- external elastic mem (not present inn arterioles)
- VVG stain
tunica adventitia
- dense irregular connective tissue
- has vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum for large things
connective tissue skeleton of heart
- tricuspid (ra to rv)
- pulmonary (rv/ pa)
- mitral or biscuspid (la/lv)
- aortic. valve (lv/aorta)
where does coronary artery originate from
ascending aorta
heart calculation
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
- left side with 3/4 fluid
- drained by subclavian vein
- right drained by right lymph duct
*both empty into junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins, then inferior vena cava, then heart
where to find b cells in lymph node
- in geminal centers using CD20 immunohistochem
- t cells are found outside of that
what is in upper tract respiratory
- nasal cavities, paranasal sinus, nasopharynx, oropharnyx
lower tract respiratory
- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (from foregut endoderm)
where does cartiledge end and what is the cell type
- in bronchioles
- also lined by ciliated cuboidal epi
where do ciliated cells end
- alveolar duct (a bit sooner)
order of air
tertiary bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronciole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli
where is pulmonary lobule
terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronciole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli
where is pulmonary acinus
respiratory bronciole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli
**has its own blood supply!
where to find surfactant secreting cells + cell type
bronchioles and alveoli
- clara, club or bronchial exocrine cells, type II alveolar cells
- not cilliated, cuboidal
where to find type I alveolar and macrophages
- in alveoli
- type I is simple squam
- macrophages are dust cells
co2 cycle in lung
goes into blood as co2, binds either HB OR gets converted in HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase using water
- then goes opposide and released as co2 and water in lung
bronchial circulation
- supply all lung BUT not alveoli (they have pulmonary circulation with 4 veins)
- crosses with pulmonary venules
- most of this blood leaves lung via pulmonary vein
- some is sent to superior vena cava so IT MIXES WITH OX BLOOD then to azygos vein
prepuce of genital organ
ectoderm
alimentary tract
endoderm
gi tractk
endoderm
respiratory tract
endoderm
liver
endo
pancreas
endo
where to find simple columnar cells
intestinal linning, ameloblasts
where to find simple cuboidal cells
ducts, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
which cells originate in bone marrow
NEB, lymphocyte, plasma cell, mast cell
myofibroblasts
can be derived from things other than fibroblasts
mast cells can be stained with and secrete what?
toluidine blue, purple
secrete heparin and histamine
where do macrophages mature
in connective tissue
where to find reticulin
- around adipose and liver sinusoids
whats inside loose connective tissue
fixed cells, collagen, elastin, ground substance, fluid, nerve and blood
where to find dense irregular connective tissue
dermis, lamina propria
- capsule of kidney and lymph node
skeletal muscle
mesoderm
how is skeletal muscle made
myoblast, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicle
where to find smooth muscle
gi tract, urinay, blood vessel walls, respiratory, skin dermis
multiunit smooth muscle
has its own nerve supply
- contract independently
unitary smooth muscle
gap junctions, few nerves synapse with fibers, can’t contract independently, autonomic
rolling smooth muscle
- each cell has external lamina, variable thickness sheets that are perp
whats in grey matter
cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglial cells
sensory neuronn
- short axon
- receptor
- lonng dendron
- cell body in dorsal ganglia of spine
- afferent
motor neuron
- long axon
- no receptor
- cell body with dendrites in brain and spinal chord
- efferent
neuroglial cells
- astrocyte, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocyte, schwann cell
where do microglia come fro
yolk sac!
oligodendro
electrical insulation, myelin in CNS
ependymal cells
cuboidal epi cells, line brain ventricles, line central spinal chord canal
schwann cells
form myelinn and unmyelinated axon sheaths on PNS
autonomic vs somatic
- somatic does skeletal muscle via one neuro
- autonomic transmit to ganglion
review cranial nerves
- I and II are part of CNS and coem from forebrain/ cerebrum
- the rest come from brainstem
hyaline cart + stain
most abundant, type II
- stains with HE and trichrome
elastic cart + stain
type II collagen and elastic
- stains with VVG
fibrocart
strong and resistant
- type I and II collagen
- found in joints and vertebra
perichondrium
- dense, fibrous, irregular ct that overlies cart
_ NOT found in fibrocart
what is in cart matrix
- mostly water to resist compression, collagen and elastic
- rich inn aggrecans so proteoglycans
organic bone
type I , glycoprotins and bone cells
- allows for mineralization
osteoprogenitor cells + where are they
- inner layer of periosteum
- line the haversian canal
- can divie indo ostoblasts OR condrogenic cells
osteoblasts
- cuboidal or short columnar
- make matrix including glycoproteins
- have PTH receptor to allow ca release
- on surface of osteon do it shrinks as bone is made
osteoclasts
- originate from monocytes that merge together!
periosteum
- covers all bones
- sharpy fibers
- dense CT
- contain some osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts
endosteum
- inner lining of bone
- monolayer of osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts
perichondrium vs periosteum
- he perichondrium is a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers many types of cartilage in the body, whereas the periosteum is a thin layer of membranous connective tissue that covers all bones in the body
white blood cells
NEB and lymphocytes and monocytes
NEB and nuclear lobes
N is trilobed
E is bilobed
B has three line nucleus
neutrophil maturation
- promyeloccyte with azurophilic (non specific granules) myeloperoxidase
- myelocyte (specific granule)
- metamyleocyte (gelatinase as tertiary granule)
- neutrophil with secretory granule
ASGS
cardiac veinns
- venous drainage enters coronary sinus
- drains into RA
what monitors heart
CNS via specialized receptors
av node
- part of intrinsic conduction
- propagates signal to AV bundle and purkinje fibers then myocardium
stroke volume
- vol of left v blood ejection in ONE contraction
- normal is 70 ml/beat
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by LV each min
- normal is around 5.25 L/min
where does lymph drain into
- thoracic and right lymph duct drain into right and left subclavian veins AND Then junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins then inferior vena cava
what is red and white pulp spleen
white is lymphocytes
red is lymph, rbc, macrophages
pulmonary circulation
- supplies alveolar cap
- comes from pulmonary artery
- deox blood
- ox enters pulmonary venous cap
- feeds into 4 pulmonary veins to heart
name the fixed cells
- fibroblast, myofibroblast, adipocytes, pericytes, mast cell, macrophage
name the transient cells
- macrophage, lymphocytes, NEB, plasma cells
langerhans cells
macrophage of skinn
kupfer cells
macrophage of liver
reticulinn is what type of collagen
type 3
dura mater
dense collagenized ct
what makes cart matrix?
chondroblasts (from chondrogenic cells)
how do osteocytes communicate
gap junctions
where does intramembranous bone growth happen
- in mesenchymal stem cells for flat bones
what bonnes develop around tendons
- sesamoid bones
where is periosteum not found
joints
where is endosteum
- central cavity of bonne with a layer of osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts
osteon structure
- compact bone with concentric lamellae
- lined by osteoprogenitor and osteoblast
- has neurovascular bundle
- osteons conneced via volkman canal
rbc origination
hemocytoblast to proerythroblast to polychromatic erythroblast to erythrocytes
granulocyte origination
hemocytoblast to myeloblast to progranulocyte to NEB
agranulocyte origin
hemocytoblast to lymph and monoblast to lymph and monocyte
platelet origin
hemocytoblast to megakaryoblast to megakaryocyte to thrombocyte
whats in plasma
mostly water
- proteins are albumin, globulins, clotting factors, plasma lipoproteins (cholesterol, ldl, etc)
where does interstitial fluid of connective tissue come from
plasma
hba1
a2b2 most blood is this
hba2
a2 delta 2 second most common blood
hbf
a2 gamma 2
neutrophil
most of all wbc
- work in inflammation
- primary granules are myeloperoxidase
- specific and tertieary (gelatinase) granules too
lymphocytes
- 30-40% of all wbs
- similar size to rbc
- can develop outside bone marrow
- not differentiated (can be t, b, or NK cell)
- can exit and reenter circ
natural killer cells
- kill virus and tumor cells
- secrete interferon y
high and low cells
high is cytosis and phillia
low is penia
when is it hypertensive crisis
higher than 180 and/or 120
what organ reacts to blood born path
spleen
cell type transition in resp
pseudostrat columnar to simple columnar to simple cuboidal to simple squam
each bronchopulmonary segment/lobule has
tertiary bronchus, pulmonary artery, bronchial vein
cell type. ofbronchioles
ciliated cuboidal epi
mucosa of esophagus is what cell type
strat squam epi
mucosa of gi tract is what cell type
columnar epi
serosa is what kind of tissue
- mucosa
- mesothelium with ct
sphincter order
- pharyngoesophageal, lower esophageal, pyloric, ileocecal, anal
parts of stomach
cardia, fundic, body, pyloric
gastric mucosa (stomach) cell type
- rugae with simple columnar epi
fundic glands
- gastric pits are open on surface, and the glands are at the bottom
- parietal cells make hcl and IF
- make gastric juice
intestinal mucosa and its layers
- plicae circularis everywhere except ileum
- villi and microvilli
layers
inntestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn) with paneth cells for immunne, lamina propria with lacteals and peyter patches, mscularis mucosa, and immune cells, mainnly igA
muscularis externa of intestines
- have myenteric plexus for food movement
- segmented contraction using inner layer of smooth muscle
- outer longitudinal muscle layer
porta hepatis
- portal vein and artery
- common hepatic duct (out)
- hepatic branch of vagus
- lymph
- hepatic vein DOES NOT exit or enter this
liver sinusoids
- discontinous cap
- large holes
- carries blood from portal vein to central vein
- kupffer cells here
- central vein trains into sublobular vein then hepatic vein then heart
perisinusoidal space of disse
- separates hepatocytes from sinusoids
- site of exchange btw hepatocytes and plasma
- contain ito cells that store vit a
- lymph drainage
liver structure with lobules , stain
- hepatocytes in lobules
- portal triads found where lobules converge
- triads have hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct, lymph and vagus
- can be stained by trichrome
what does liver make
- albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, immune stuff, non immune globulins
- vit a b12, d and k
- nonessential AA
- glucose
which vit is in clotting
vit k
how does liver get rid of toxins
phase I is oxidation using p450 which adds OH and COOH to foreign compounds
- phase II is conjugation to make things water soluble for kidney or gallbladder clearance
what does liver metabolize
everything
- stores glucose to release or make it based on sugar levels
- converts blood ammonia to urea
what is in bile
- water, bile salt (acid) and bilirubin glucuronide
gallbladder
- stores and concentrates bile
- simple columnar epi
- no muscularis mucosa or submucosa
- as blood to liver moves in, bile moves opposite to periphery
biliary tree (or how bile moves)
- from hepatocytes to gall bladder to intestine
- bile cannaliculi vollect bile secreted by hepatocytes
- this is lined by cholangiocytes
- bile duct found in portal triad then goes to cystic duct to gallbladder
- left and right hepatic ducts combine with cystic duct to form common bile duct
- sphincter of oddi allows bile in and out
exocrine pancreas
- accinar (serous) cells that have zymogen granules
- amylase, lipase, esterase, dnase, elastase,
- trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen that turn proteins into peptides
- and procarboxypolypeptidase that turns peptides into dipeptides
endocrine pancreas
- islets of langerhans have all these cells
- alpha ccells secrete glucagon
- beta cells seccrete insulin
- delta cells make somatostatin
insulin
- decreas blood sugar if higher than 70 mg/100 ml
- uptake of glucose and storage and usage
somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
- inhibit insulin and glucagon at 70 mg
- supress exocrine function so decrease pancreatic juice
- control hunger
anterior pituitary
- from rathke’s pouch ectoderm
- releases ACTH to stim adrenal cortex
- GH for bone
- MSH for skin
- TSH for thyroid
- gonadotropin
hypothal
- connected to pituitary gland via axons
- CRH to stim pit to release ACTH
- vasopressin and oxytocin made here to go to posterior pit to be secreted
- TRH which acts on posterior pit to release TSH
thyroid gland
- originates from base of tong
- has tyroid follicles that make thyroglobulin (used to make t3 triiodo and t4 thyroxin
- parafollicular cells make calcitonin (opposite to PTH) that tone calcium down
- connected to pit physically
hypothal pit thyroid axis
- hypothal releases TRH goes to pit to release TSH then it binds to TSH receptor on thyroid follicular cells to convert thyroglobulin to t3 and t4
parathyroid gland
- two on each side
- chief cells make PTH that act on bone to release ca, kidney to absorb, and make vit d to absorb ca from intestine
- from pharyngeal cleft!
adrenal medulla
- chromaffin cells make catecholamines (epi, norepi annd dopa)
- glucocort conver norepi to epi
- metabolized into metanephrines and vanillyl mandelic acid which is used to test function!
- ectoderm, neural crest!
adrenal cortex
- mesoderm
- glucocort that catabolize fat, promote gluconeo and increase blood gluc, suppress immune
- mineralcort regulate sodium excretion
- aldosterone reg by renin, ACTH, k and na levels
hypothal, pit, adrenal axis
- stress stim hypothal to release CRH on pit gland to release ACTH which releases cortisol to suppress immune and break down stuff for energy
what forms primitive streak
- epiblast cells
odontoblast come from
neural crest
what forms neural tube
neural folds on neural plate coming together
high to low bmp forms this is bone morphogenetic protein
high bmp is epithelium intermediate is neural crest and low is neural plate
neural crest stem cell type
- multipotent
- make all primary sensory and postganglionic autonomic nerves and ganglia
cranial neural crest cells
- produce craniofacial mesenchyme all mesothelium and CT of face, dentin!!!!, melanocytes, cranial ganglia
cardiac neural crest
- melanocytes, outflow of heart, smooth muslce of large arteries
trunk neural crest
- dorsal root ganglia, adrenal medulla, smooth muscle of gut (enteric)
vagal and sacral neural crest
give rise to enteric ganglia
where are pia and arachnoid meninges from
neural crest
where to find fenestrated vs sinusoidal cap
Fenestrated are in the glomerulus as one example. Sinusoidal in the liver and bone marrow.
sperm conditioning reactions (3)
conditioning removes sperm cap (spermiogenesis)
then penetrate corona radiata and zona pelucida
nucleus goes in
in ovary at birth, there is what kind of egg and sperm
oogonia and primordial germ cell
what secretes HCG to maintain progesteron
corp luteum and done by syncytiotrophoblast
bilaminar disk layer
- amniotic sac, epi, hypoblast, yolk sav
- yolk sav and hypoblast gone!
what forms cranial and caudal ends
epiblast cells
how does lateral body folding happen
yolk sac migrates ventrally and pulls amniotic sac in so there is a gut tube with yolk sac inside
neural plate formation
- notochord process stim, induces ecto to form neural place and expand cranial and cuadal end
- folds to form neural groove
- the crest develops at the edge of the plate, which folds to form neural tube
primary lymph organ
bone marrow and thymus
where to find paneth cells
inntestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn) with paneth cells for immunne of SMALL INTESTINE
eosinophils
- have crystalloid bodies
- bilobed with red dots
where to find most peyters patches
- submucosa of jejunum with lots of lymphoid tissue
tight junctions
force nutrient exchange (transcellular pathway) instead of paraceullar pathway
gap junction connexon vs connexin
6 protein = connexon make each connexin
colon histology vs duodenum
- has lots of mucus cells and not as many folds
stomach and esophagus junction
esophagus is strat epi, which stomach is thicker with folds
Gastroduodenal Junction
stomach has thick skin, while duodenum is more thin and not as folded
rectoanal junction
goes from folds with cells to NO cells and barely any folds
brunner gland histology
white shit underneath the villi
thyroid vs kidney histology
thyroid has pink shit in the middle! thyroglobulin
