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D1 BS1 + II/ FSI + II > BSI mod 2 > Flashcards

BSI mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

voluntary NS

A

ach, skeletal, nicotinic M cholinergic, myelinated

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2
Q

curare and gallamine

A

nicotinic M blocker. comp but non depolarizing,
- ach can be increased by anticholinesterase (phisostigmine)

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3
Q

succinylcholine

A

nicotininc M blick, irriversible, short lasting, depolarizing non comp, degraded by cholinesterase eventually
- patients must be ventillated

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4
Q

anticholinesterase

A

neostigmine
- increase ACH everywhere. alzheimers, treat myasthenia gravis, muscle contraction since its agonist. reversible

  • could work for xerostomia but increases contraction so not best
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5
Q

novichok

A

irrversibly binds cholinesterase. increases ach. sludge (musccarinic agonist) increase parasymp and blocks NMJ
* atropine antidote but not for muscccle paralysis

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6
Q

parasymp

A

long pre gang, short post gang from sacral spine
- ach is pre and post
- nicotininc N and muscarinic

  • pupil small (myosis), bronchi, HR, sweat also down
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7
Q

symp

A

lumbar of spine is short pre gang, long post (many), pre NT is ach, post is NE, E, ACH
- nicotininc N

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8
Q

alzheimers

A

donepesil anticholinesterase
- glutamate too

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9
Q

atropine

A

muscarininc antagonist. dries mouth. pupil dialate (mydriasis), decrease sweating since less ach, increase HR, decrease bronchi, increase symp
** doesn’t block skeletal muscle

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10
Q

pilocarpine

A

muscarininc agonist. increase saliva for xerostomia. miosis, increase sweat and down hr, more poops

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11
Q

benadryl or scopolamine

A

muscarininc antagonist to stop motion sickness (stomach and ear). pass BBB. lower ACH, increase dopamine! antishistamine
- doesn’t work for opioids since doesn’t block dopa and serotonin too

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12
Q

alpha 1

A

everything tight on skin and mucous

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13
Q

prazoin (minipres)

A

block alpha 1 so vasodilate and bp (orthostatic hypotension)

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14
Q

phentolamine (oraverse)

A

nonselective block for alpha 1 and 2. tachycardia because of alpha 2. speeds up recovery and lip freeze

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15
Q

doxazosin, terazosin

A

block alpha 1. hypertension treatment (orthostatic problem)

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16
Q

tamsulosin (flomax)

A

alpha 1 selective. increase pee for prostate

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17
Q

alpha 2

A

DECREASES bp by stopping NE release

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18
Q

clondine (catapres)

A

stim alpha 2 so decrease Ne release and lower bp

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19
Q

beta 1

A

tight again. increase HR AND contraction force

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

agonist of alpha 2, b1 and 2. NOT in CNS from BBB. mixed with lidocaine. high HR but no hypertension for B2

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21
Q

propanolol (inderal)

A

block beta 1 and 2. slow HR. treat hypertension but blocks beta 2 so vasoconstriction

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22
Q

metoprolol

A

selectie beta 1 block so slow HE and contraction force

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23
Q

which 2 receptors are opposive

A

muscarinic M (para_) and Beta 1 (symp)

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24
Q

beta 2

A

bronchodilation. vasodilate muscle and organs.

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25
albuterol (proventil)
agonist of beta 2. anti asthma NOT beta 1. no heart stim
26
atropine --> ipatropium (atrovennt)
also asthma. muscarinic antagonist so dry mouth. * can't pass BBB so no CNS or motion sickness blcik
27
l dopa synthesis
- tyrosine to dopa to dopamine then norepi (add OH) then epi (add methyl)
28
stop L dopa breakdown
methyl transferase inhibitor
29
carbidopa
stops dopa conversion OUTSIDE brain (so not for parkinsons)
30
what locks dopamine reuptake
cocaine
31
how to treat depression
block MAO, block NE reupta)ke and serotonin (kinda like cocaine)
32
parkinsons treatment
inhibit L dopa breakdown in brain. block COMT (C for cranial) - benadryl to stop muscarinic . l dopa to increase dopamine, benztropine to stop muscarinic * always HIGH muscarinic, low dopamine
33
nicotine
N and M agonist. increase dopamine
34
how to decrease BP
- blcok alpha 1 (vasodilate), block beta 1 (HR), stimulate alpha 2 (stop NE release)
35
ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
- stimulate alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2 - indirectly release NE - tachyphylaxis possible where nerve terminals desen - crosses BBB - can make meth!
36
meth
- for ADHD. when withdrawal, it causes sleep and low HR
37
oxymetazoline (afrin)
- nasal decongest - alpha 1 2 stim to increase BP - bradychardia (increase HR) - vasoconstrict - does the teeth numb thing with tetracaine (NOT for superior alveolar nerve)
38
norepi
- alpha 1 and beta 1 stimulator (not beta 2) - no bronchodilate so hypertension
39
dopamine
stim beta 1 - stim vasodilation! high HR through heart stimulation?? but hypotension. no BBB
40
isoproterenol (isuprel)
stim beta 1 and 2. anti asthma. BUT beta 1 increases HR and o2 demand
41
haloperidol (haldol)
schizo treatment. blocks dopamine so cause parkinsons. also block alpha 1 so hypotension - treat the extrapyramidal effects with benztropine
42
benztropine
treat parkinsons. lowers ACH, increases dopa. block muscarinic
43
active AP propagation
charges close together so lower resistance and higher current so faster
44
ca channels, vescicles and speed
ca channels are close to vesicles so its fast 200 micro sec vs AP is mili sec - ca rises from 100 nM to 100 micro M (1000x higher)
45
3 ways to do synaptic drugs
transmitter production, release, clearance
46
tetrodotoxin synaptic drug
stops synaptic transmission physically
47
caffeine synaptic drug
alters transmitter release by competing with presyn
48
cocaine and meth in synapse
- stop reuptake of transmitter
49
monoamine oxidase in synapse
blocks transmitter degredation
50
neuropeptide Y and pain
in dental caries
51
where does atp act in synapse
post synap
52
spinal chord pain inhibition
works on AbC fibers. has opiods that stimulate presynp enkephalin to crease CA and NT.
53
medulla and midbrain pain
diffuse control with PAG. nuclei send efferent signals to activate interneurons to mask pain with another thing
54
descending supra spinal
placebo response. prefrontal cortex stim the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) via endorphine and then acc signals to midbrain and medulla. also PAG stimulates the spinal chord opiates
55
sympathetially maintained pain
chronic pain. rewiring of nerves
56
how does opioid pain work
use GPCR to increase K out, hyperpolarize mem. decrease ca in. stop adenylate cyclase to decrease camp and stop neuro activity - also recruit b arrestin that internalize opioid receptor
57
c fibers are how big
0.2 to 1.5 micro m
58
chronic pain uses
gabapentinoids
59
ageusia
loss of taste
60
parosmia
altered perception of smell in bad odor
61
salty and bitter receptors are calld
KIR2.1 and T2R38
62
all taste GPCR pathway
activate phospholipase C of B2 (called PLCB2) using beta gamma receptor. membrane breaks off IP3, bind to ER increase Ca, then bind to TRP receptor to let Na in and calmodulin CALHM release atp to brain
63
pathway of taste signal
mitral cells to olfactory bulb to hypothal then orbitofrontal cortex then hippocampus
64
hypothal
does viscueral reactions. contains amygdala for memories
65
piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
where taste and smell converge to get flavor. also conscious perception of food
66
hippocampus
does memories
67
taste integration
all goes to nucleus of solitary tract via cranial nerves. does salivation then hypothalamus then to taste cortex via the VPMpc (ventral basal thalamus)
68
chemesthesis receptors
TRP or transient receptor potential is the ion channel involved in trigger. VR1 is warm and spicy. TRPA is cold and mustard. TRPM8 is menthol and cold
69
smell is done by
ciliated, bipolar neuron. cn1 sensed by olfactory bulb
70
taste is done by
epi cells. CN 7,9,10. go to nuc of solitary tract
71
gymnemic acid
blocks t2 and t3 using riterpenoid saponins
72
Where is the first place in the brain where the olfaction and gustation systems integrate?
Orbitofrontal cortex
73
summary slide of how glucose gets into blood
first make na gradient using Na/K pump then use Na to get glucose in by secondary active transport. let glucose flow into blood by facilitated diffusion
74
cl- ion nenrnst potential
even though its pore positive than inside of cell, cl- flows OUT
75
how does cell NOT burst
- ions inside that make a electro eq but not concentration eq. na k pump also since we loose +1 ion so water follows it out
76
metabotropic ion channel pathway
stim g alpha, phospholipase c then IP3 goes to ER to release ca
77
what marks synapse location on dendrites
psd-95
78
bafilomycin
PPI of vH-atpase
79
choloroquine
blocks na/k channel. causes fake long QT syndrome
80
v1 unit in Vh-ATPAS
hydrolyses atp
81
name biogenic amines
dopamine, epi, norepi acetycholine serotonin and histamine
82
order of tongue
vagus innervates back of tongue glossopharangeal does circumvallate and FOLIATE
83
memorize equations
yes

D1 BS1 + II/ FSI + II (12 decks)

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