FSII Flashcards
Essentially, to bring something big in, secrete enzymes to break it up OUTSIDE then bring the components back in. In gram positive, they go directly out of cyto mem, in gram -, they must traverse outer membrane too
Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes and pathogenic proteins
sterilize broth in air guy + prove spontaneous generation wrong
pasteur
bacteriocin that works agaisnt diverse bacteria inclusing strep mutans and e faecalis
nisin
classify bacteria as pathogenic
koch’s postulate in 1876
PAI
genes that can insert into host DNA. often in tRNA genes and can be transfered to new bac, thus conferring virulence to benign strains
- commensal don’t have PAI but can get it from horizontal gene transfer
- move using transformation
suprres transcription of gene by binding to operator
repressor
homolactic fermentation
excess sugar. this is essentially EMP pathway that turns pyruvate into 2 lactic acid
cefazolin and ceftriaxone
If can’t take meds and allergic:
cooperativity
substrate is an activator. curve is not hyperbolic but sigmoidal (s shape)
selects for gram-positive bacteria agar growth
Sodium azide
periodontitis what to give
(gingivitis is transient) give amox (bactericidal), or azithromycin (bacteriostatic). COMBO: metronidazole + amox
If allergic then just metronidazole
how do cells resist b lactams and glycopeptides, tetracyclins
hydrolysis, efflux and altered target using genes. make b lactamases. resistance genes are AmpC, blaZ
- can be avoided by b lactamase inhibitors like augmentin
- - failure to make peptidoglycans like in mycoplasma
glycopeptides are altered target
tetracyclines avoided by efflux, ribosomal protection proteins, and altered target.
- tet gene protects the ribosome
isofunctional enzyme
branches of both path can inhibit their branches
how do acidic bacteria survive in those pH
increase surface negative charge that stabilize them, pump out H+ ions actively, high isoelectric point to maintain proton motive force
- most bacteria are neutrophils
selection of antibiotics
1) site of infection (bone vs blood)
2) age of patient (dose)
3) place of infection (hospital is more likely to be antibiotic resistant than community)
4) host factors like immunocomp
sulphonamide
have S group. Prontosil, sulphanilamide, “sulf”. Prevent growth but cause allergic reaction
PABA analogs that are nonfunctional so can’t make folic acid so no growth
static. prevent nucleic acid synth
can bind to DNA primers. cut and put into plasmid and clone OR transfer to other organisms and do hybridization test OR blot on membrane and probe for target and do agarose gell for size testing
internal probe
icosahedral symmetry
20 triangular faces and spherical crystal
heterotrophic co2 fixation in some bacteria
- reverse krebs cycle!
adsorption to host, inject dna into host, phage replicates, maturation, new release and new infection
lytic cycle
- virulent phages
peptidoglycan cell wall gram +
b1-4 linkage connected by transglycolase
- pentaglycine cross link done by transpeptidase
- alanine, glutamine, lysine, alanine then clave the 5th AA and link the 3rd and 4th AA via pentaglycine
trp operon
repressible so no repressor makes tryp and pressor is bound when 2 tryptophan, the corepressor is bound
F factor
low copy number plasmid with only 1-2 copies made
proteinase production
can they digest egg or gelatin