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BIO244 Animal Diversity - Vertebrate > Origin of Chordates and jaw > Flashcards

Origin of Chordates and jaw Flashcards

1
Q 
The primary function of the notochord is
	A)	sensory.
	B)	digestive.
	C)	support.
	D)	respiration.
A

C) Support

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2
Q

Cladistics shows that the chordates contain paraphyletic groupings such as

A

reptiles and birds.

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3
Q

In terrestrial vertebrates, which structure did not arise from the pharyngeal pouches?

A

intervertebral discs

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4
Q 
Pharyngeal gill slits first evolved for
	A)	respiration.
	B)	filter feeding.
	C)	support of the buccal cavity.
	D)	production of glandular tissue.
A

B) Filter feeding

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5
Q 
One chordate characteristic found in adult ascidians is the
	A)	vertebral column.
	B)	pharyngeal slits.
	C)	dorsal hollow nerve cord.
	D)	postanal tail.
A

B) Pharyngeal slits

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6
Q

An unusual chordate morphological feature of ascidians is that ……

A

Their blood travels in both directions

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7
Q 
Cephalochordates are similar to higher fish in that they possess a
	A)	mesonephric kidney.
	B)	two-chambered heart.
	C)	tripartite brain.
	D)	closed circulatory system.
A

D) Closed Circulatory system

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8
Q 
The primary support system in vertebrates is the
	A)	living exoskeleton.
	B)	living endoskeleton.
	C)	nonliving exoskeleton.
	D)	nonliving endoskeleton.
A

B) Living Endoskeleton

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9
Q 
The earliest ostracoderms could be characterized in this way:
	A)	heterostracans with paired fins.
	B)	acanthodians with jaws.
	C)	placoderms without jaws.
	D)	heterostracans without jaws.
A

C) Placoderms without jaws

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10
Q 
Of the early fish, which led to the extant fish of today?
	A)	heterostracans
	B)	placoderms
	C)	cephalochordates
	D)	acanthodians
A

D) Acanthodians

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11
Q

Garstang introduced the theory of ________, which stated that the juvenile characteristics of the ascidian led to the vertebrates.

A

Paedomorphosis

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12
Q

What is the evolutionary process in which larval or juvenile features of an ancestral organism are displaced to the adult forms of its descendants

A

Paedomorphosis

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13
Q 
The origin of the jaw in the gnathostomes is the
	A)	gill arch.
	B)	bones supporting the cranium.
	C)	notochord.
	D)	hyoid.
A

A) Gill arch

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14
Q 
It is relatively safe to say that your closest evolutionary relative is a(n)
	A)	echinoderm
	B)	insect.
	C)	earthworm.
	D)	nematode
A

A) Echinoderm

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15
Q

How many germ layers do chordates have?

A

Three

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16
Q

The system of the body that most clearly marks the advancement of the vertebrates is the ____________

A

Nervous system

17
Q

Although it may not be the ancestor that led to the chordates, the first chordate known from the fossil record is Pikaia. True or False

A

True

18
Q

The earliest chordate fossils come from the Cambrian, although vertebrate fossils are not seen until fossils from the Mesozoic are examined. True or False

A

False

19
Q

Predatory lifestyles in the gnathostomes were possible because of the development of _____

A

Jaws

20
Q

What was the primary life style of larvacean and thaliacean urochordates?

A

planktonic

21
Q

The most current hypotheses concerning the evolution of the chordates involve a link to a group of fossil echinoderms, the _______

A

Calcichordates.

22
Q

The larvaceans are the most common of the urochordates and are known as sea squirts. True or False

A

False

23
Q

The urochordates exhibit the four chordate characteristics in the most obvious form in the adult. True or False

A

False

24
Q

The larvae of the cephalochordate transform from a free-swimming form to a sessile adult. True or False

A

False

25
Q

What are some of the benefits of vertebrates having an endoskeleton

A

Allows for continuous growth without moulting. Efficient framework for muscle attachment.

26
Q

The chordate deuterostomes exhibit radial cleavage, an anus derived from the blastopore, and enterocoelous coelom formation. True or False

A

True

27
Q

The taxonomic terms reptile and agnatha are actually ______

A

Polyphyletic taxa.

28
Q

Taxonomic terms to describe you, a human being, would be _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Chordata, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Tetrapoda, and Amniota.

29
Q

Taxonomic terms to describe a trout would be ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Chordata, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Pisces, and Anamniota.

30
Q

The dorsal tubular nerve cord is formed by endodermal tissues during embryological development. True or False

A

False (Part of the ectoderm)

31
Q

The term postanal tail means that the tail extends beyond the anus. For example, in fish, the tail fin, and some musculature extend beyond the anal opening. True or False

A

True

32
Q 
Zoologists consider \_\_\_\_ the closest living relative of vertebrates.
A)	hemichordates
B)	urochordates
C)	cephalochordates
D)	ostracoderms
A

C) Cephalochordates

33
Q

What is are the 5 characteristic of all chordates

A

Notochord - Dorsal nerve cord - Pharyngeal gill slits - Post anal tail - Endostyle (Thyroid)

34
Q

What are the features to a Notochord

A

Body support - length of body - Area for muscle attachment - Longitudinally stiff but flexible from side to side - Dorsal of the gut

35
Q

What are the features of a Dorsal nerve cord

A

Tubular - Dorsal side of notocord - anterior Cephalization

36
Q

What are the features of Pharyngeal gill slits

A

Perforations leading from the pharynx to outside - Paired on either side - Originally for filter feeding then developed into respiration/other structures

37
Q

What are the features of a Post anal tail

A

Part of skeletal support, muscles, and nervous system - Aids in locomotion/agility/balance.

38
Q

What are the features of a Endostyle (Thyroid)

A

Groove in the pharynx floor - Ciliated - Secretes mucus (Hormones in humans) - Moves food to the stomach - Lampreys have both

39
Q

Other 5 features of Chordates

A

Bilaterally symmetrical - Segmented muscles - Closed circulatory system with ventral heart - Pronounced cephilzation - Complete digestive system

BIO244 Animal Diversity - Vertebrate (8 decks)

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