Fish Flashcards
1
Q
The agnathans and gnathostomes branched apart most likely during the A)Cambrian period. B)Silurian period. C)Devonian period. D)Jurassic period.
A
A)Cambrian period.
2
Q
What fish may be characterized as eel-like, parasitic, and possessing a cartilaginous skeleton?
A
Lamprey
3
Q
The class name Myxini, or the hagfishes, refers to their A) lack of eyes. B) production of slime. C) unique circulatory system. D) parasitic lifestyle
A
B) production of slime.
4
Q
The larva of the lamprey is known as the A) trilobite lava. B) veliger. C) tornaria. D) ammocete.
A
D) ammocete.
5
Q
The tail of elasmobranchs is known as ________, which means that the vertebral column extends up into the dorsal lobe.
A
Heterocercal
6
Q
The structure in the intestine of chondrostean fish and some primitive osteichthyean fish that increases the surface area is the
A
Cecum
7
Q
Briefly describe the reproduction of sharks
A
internal fertilization, and a range from oviparity to viviparity
8
Q
Elasmobranchs maintain their fluids hypertonic to the ocean environment by accumulating _____ and ______
A
urea and trimethylamine oxide
9
Q
In elasmobranchs, the placoid scales are homologous to their A) organs of Lorenzini. B) rectal glands. C) ultimobranchial glands. D) teeth.
A
D) teeth.
10
Q
The function of the elasmobranch __________ is to bring in water to the gill cavity.
A
Spiracle
11
Q
Skates and rays are flattened \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for life on the sea floor. A) dorsoventrally B) dorsolaterally C) ventrolaterally D) anterioposteriorly
A
A) dorsoventrally
12
Q
Paired fins include A) dorsal and pectoral. B) dorsal and anal. C) pectoral and pelvic. D) pelvic and anal.
A
C) pectoral and pelvic.
13
Q
The subclass Sarcopterygii includes the lungfishes and A) the genus Latimeria. B) the genus Raja. C) the genus Squalus. D) the genus Perca.
A
A) the genus Latimeria.
14
Q
The most primitive actinopterygian fish (historically and today) have \_\_\_\_\_\_ scales. A) ctenoid B) cycloid C) placoid D) ganoid
A
D) ganoid
15
Q
The lungs of early fish have formed into the \_\_\_\_\_\_ of modern fishes. A) pharyngeal pouches B) swim bladders C) pyloric cecae D) diverticula
A
B) swim bladders
16
Q
The swimming ability of fish can be attributed to their A) swim bladders. B) pyloric cecae. C) septa. D) myomeres.
A
D) myomeres.
17
Q
Sharks have a _____ with much _____
A
Liver, Squalene
18
Q
The swim bladder of osteichthyean fish has a gas gland and a network of capillaries, the _____________, that acts to keep the bladder filled at an appropriate pressure.
A
rete mirabile
19
Q
The larva of the eel is called the __________, which metamorphoses into the elver, then the adult eel.
A
leptocephalus
20
Q
Salmon migrate to their natal stream via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cues in the river systems. A) visual B) olfactory C) magnetic D) unknown
A
B) olfactory
21
Q
Most commonly, fish can be described as _________ and _________ with respect to reproduction.
A
dioecious, with external fertilization
22
Q
The aquatic medium is much denser and has much more oxygen than the terrestrial environment. True or False
A
False
23
Q
The most obvious persistent notochord would be found in a lamprey. True or False
A
True
24
Q
Marine lampreys would be considered to be catadromous, while freshwater eels are anadromous. True or False
A
False
25
What is Anadromous?
fish, born in fresh water, spends most of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn.
26
What is Catadromous?
Fish, born in the sea, spends most ifs life in fresh water and returns to the sea to spawn
27
As they lack any intromittent organ, sharks typically have external fertilization. True or False
False
28
What system allows fish to sense changes in water pressure. This system is found in both chondrichthyean and osteichthyean fish.
The lateral line
29
The ultimobranchial glands sense electrical fields to allow sharks to find prey. True or False
False. It is the ampullae of Lorenzini
30
The neopterygians are of significance as they are probably the sister lineage of the amphibians. True or False
False. (Type of Fish)
31
The pyloric cecum allows some fish to adjust the volume of air in the swim bladder as it connects to the esophagus and the swim bladder. True or False
False
32
The tail type seen in sharks is ________
heterocercal
33
The tail type seen in osteichthyean fish can be _____, ______, and _____
heterocercal, homocercal, or diphycercal
34
The most speciose group of fish is subclass _______, while the least speciose group is represented by the ________
Actinopterygii, coelocanth.
35
Among the fish that lack paired fins are the lampreys, the hagfish, and the chimeras. True or False
False
36
Among the fish that have opercula are the bony fishes and the rays. True or False
False
37
The fish whose ancestors are most closely allied with the ancestors of the tetrapods are the holocephalans. True or False
False
38
To maximize the amount of oxygen removed from the water, fishes have countercurrent flow, which means _____.
blood flows through and water flows across the gills in the opposite directions
39
Fish that spend their adult life at sea but spawn in freshwater are ____,
anadromous
40
```
The scales of fish are ___ in origin.
A) bony
B) dermal
C) epidermal
D) hypodermal
```
B) dermal
41
The fossil evidence of forms intermediate between the gnathostomes and the ____ is the least adequate and convincing.
agnathans
42
Sharks use their ____ to detect the bioelectric fields of prey buried in sand or sediments.
organs of Lorenzini
43
```
The ____ diverged from the earliest shark lineage.
A) Actinopterygia
B) Holocephali
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Mixini
```
B) Holocephali
44
Out of the 5 chordate features what do Urochordata (Tunicates) have in there adult form
Only Endostyle and Pharyngeal gill slits
45
What is the feeding habits of Urochordata (Tunicates)
Filter feeding via in/out siphons -> Pharynx -> Endostyle produces mucus trapping food -> Moved to stomach via cilia -> waste leaves via out siphon
46
What is the Reproduction of Unochordata (Tunicates)
Hermaphroditic with each animal having a single ovary and testie
Germ cells -> Atrial cavity where fertilisation occurs
47
What are the feeding habits of Cephalochordata
Filter feeding via cilia lined mouth -> Food trapped in mucus on pharyngeal slits -> cilia move food into gut -> filtered water leaves via atriopore
48
What is the Reproduction of Cephalochordata
Diecous - Gametes released via atrium - External fertilization
49
What are the general characteristics for a Craniata/Vertebrata
Bone/Cartilage endoskeleton - Complex muscle/nervous system for sensory, motor, and organ functions - Cephalization - Efficient Respiratory/circulatory systems
50
What are Myxinoidea (Hagfish) main features
Degenerate - Jawless - Cartilaginous notocord - no osmoregulate.
Scavenger using a rasping mouth
Reproduction via Hermaphrodites/Diecous
51
What is the life-cycle of the Petromyzontoidea (Lampreys)
Ammocoete (Larvae in soft sediment/Detritus) -> Metamorph (Eyes - suction disk/teeth/tongue piston) -> Growth (Feed down stream - Spawn up stream)
Male build nest - release fermones - female joins to release eggs- both die
52
In Gnathostomes tree what is the node 1 branch
Superior oblique muscle of eye attached anteriorly to eyeball. Brain-case including nasal capsules. Jaw muscle external to mandibular arch
53
In Gnathostomes tree what is the Telestomi branch
Mouth terminal in position (Under chin) - Narrow based brain-case - Three otoliths in ear -(Calcium structure)
54
In Gnathostomes tree what is the Osteichithyes branch
Endochrondal bone - Lepidotrichs on fins (Bony bits in fins) - Jaws lined by dentary, Premaxillary and maxillary
55
What are the 3 parts of the skull In Gnathostomes tree
Chondrocranium (Main body of the head)
Splanchnocranium (Jaw and gill arches)
Dermatocranium (Made of bone)
56
What are the features of Chondrocranium In Gnathostomes
Fenestra (Window in jaw: muscle outlet)
| Foramen (Small holes in skull for nerves/blood vessels
57
What are the features of Splanchnocranium in Gnathostomes
Derived via pharyngeal arches being the most ancient part of the skull - Supports gills + gill muscle attach to them (Palatoquadrate = Upper/ Mandibular = Lower jaw)
58
What are the features of Dermatocranium In Gnathostomes
Only in bony vertebrates - started as armoured scales via the dermal bone - Fuses with the Chondrocranium and Splanchnocranium for extra protection.
59
What are the general origins of teeth
Jaws before teeth - Bony fish/tetrapoda = embedded into jaw = dermal papilla - Chodrichthyans teeth from their skin
60
What are the 3 styles of predation of jawed fishes
Hit and run
Filter feeding
Gape and suck
61
What is the hit and run predation style of jawed fish
Fast swimming in order to engulf/swallow/tare chunks from prey - Firm jaw construction (Maxilla fused to cranium
62
What is the Filter feeding predation style of jawed fish
pelagic fish
| Wide mouth that can remain open for long amounts of time
63
What is the Gape and Suck predation style of jawed fish
Demersal/benthic fish
| Fast opening mouth causing a pocket of negative pressure, forcing water into the mouth
64
What are the benefits to having paired fins.
| What is the Fin fold theory
Better mobility due to fine scale movements
| Fins that use to be on both Dorsal and ventral sides get adapted into paired fins
65
What are the general features of Placoderms (Plated fish)
Paired pectoral/ pelvic fins - Notochord = main body support - First jawed animals - Ancestor to sharks/rays?
66
What are the general features of Acanthodii
Jaw - Large eyes - Ancestor to bony fish - Bone 'Like' scales - bony skeleton
67
Define what a fish is
An aquatic vertebrate with gills and limbs in the shape of fins
68
What are the main characteristics of "fish"
Aquatic chordate craniates - Exotherm - Appendages developed into fins - Gills for respiration - Most covered in scales
69
What is regional endothermy
Blood vessels with a counter current near the main muscles used in movement provide heat for the rest of the body
70
What is Oviparous
Young develop/born from an egg
71
What is Ovoviviparous
Young develop/born from an egg case
72
What is Vivparous
Young develop/born prior to a live birth
73
What are the 4 types of scales
Placoid (Cartilaginous fish) - Ganoid (Bony/Primitive fish) - Cycloid (Soft/Primitive fish) - Ctenoid (Bony spined fish)
74
What are the features of a Placoid scale
Small - Conical with sharp dorsal ridge made of dentine/enamel
75
What are the features of a Ganoid scale
Diamond shape - Hard silvery enamel
76
What are the features of a Cycloid scale
Light weight - smooth posterior edge - greater speed
77
What are the features of a Ctenoid scale
Light weight - Comb 'like' on posterior end to make it more stream lined
78
What are the 7 main variations of body shape
Fusiform (Torpedo shape) - Compressiform ( Side - side) - Depressiform (Top - Bottom) - Anguilliform/filliform (Eel like) - Taeniform (Eel but flatten side-side) - Sagittiform (Arrow like) - Globiform (Globe like)
79
What are the 2 types of swim bladders
Physostomous (Attached to oesophagous)
| Physoclists (Attached to blood vessels)
80
How does a Physostomous swim bladder function
Gulp air to fill due to being attached to oesophagous
| Allows for rapid ascension without bursting
81
How does a Physoclists swim bladder function
Connected via blood vessels, so gas increase/decreases via absorption from the blood.
Only found in derived teleosts
82
What is the lateral line
Sensory organ containing Neuromasts that detect movements in the water
83
What is the ampullae of lorenzini
Network of jelly filled pits that detect electrical impulses
84
What are the main characteristics of Chondrichthyes (Sharks/Cimeras)
Cartilaginous skeleton - Ventral mouth - Placoid scales - Heteroceral tail (one larger lob) - Internal fertilization (Ovovivparous/vivparous)
85
what are the 2 subclasses of Chondrichthyes
Elasmobrancii (Sharks/Rays/Skates)
| Holoceprali (Chimeras)
86
Define a 'true shark'
Fusiform body - Mainly pelagic - Ridged fins - Propulsion by undulation of tail - Mainly active predator
87
Define a 'true ray'
Dorso-ventrally flattened - Enlarged pectoral fins - Mainly demersal - Propulsion via undulation of pectoral fins - Predator/Scavenger
88
What are the general characteristics of Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
Bony fish that also support fins - Homocercal tail - Cycloid/Ctenoid/Ganoid scales (None) - Replaceable dentition - Swim bladder
89
What are the Subclasses of Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish/Lung fish)
| Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)
90
What are the general characteristics of Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish/lung fish)
Evolved during Devonian - Most are extinct - Fins with a thick central lobe - Lungs/Gills - 3 Lobed gaudal fin used as legs and lung as gills
91
What are the general characteristics of Actinopterygii
All extant bony fish - Originated from Devonian freshwaters
92
What are the characteristics of Teleosts (Perfect bone)
96% of extant fish - Arose 200 MYA - Reduced bone in head/Jaw/Vertebrae/Scales - Fin diversification/Placement - Greater control of Gas bladder/Suction ability/ Protrusion of mouth
93
What are the benefits of Heterocercal/Homoceral caudal fins, and the location of paired fins
Heterocercal = Provide lift
Homocercal = Forward thrust + greater manoeuvrability
Paired fin location = Moved to increase mobility
94
In order of most to least head movement, what are the 4 types of swimming styles
Anguilliform -> Subarangiform -> Garangiform -> Thunniform
95
What are the 5 types of migration in fish
Anadromy - Semi Anadromy - Catadromy - Semi Catadromy - Amphidromy
96
Describe anadromy and Semi anadromy migration pattern
Anadromy is Born in Freshwater -> Estuary -> Sea, Back to Freshwater to spawn
Semi Anadromy is Born in Estuary -> Sea. Back to Estuary to spawn.
97
Describe catadromy and Semi catadromy
Catadromy is Born in sea -> Estuary -> Freshwater. Back to sea to spawn
Semi catadromy is Born in Estuary -> Freshwater. Back to Estuary to spawn
98
Describe Amphidromy
Similar to anadromy in that they are born in Freshwater -> Estuary -> Sea. and return to freshwater to spawn, but spawn place can change unlike salmon
99
What are the 5 main caudal fin shapes
Rounded - Truncate - Emarginate - Forked - Lunate
