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BIO244 Animal Diversity - Vertebrate > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q 
The agnathans and gnathostomes branched apart most likely during the
A)Cambrian period.
B)Silurian period.
C)Devonian period.
D)Jurassic period.
A

A)Cambrian period.

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2
Q

What fish may be characterized as eel-like, parasitic, and possessing a cartilaginous skeleton?

A

Lamprey

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3
Q 
The class name Myxini, or the hagfishes, refers to their
A) lack of eyes.
B) production of slime.
C) unique circulatory system.
D) parasitic lifestyle
A

B) production of slime.

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4
Q 
The larva of the lamprey is known as the
A)	trilobite lava.
B)	veliger.
C)	tornaria.
D)	ammocete.
A

D) ammocete.

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5
Q

The tail of elasmobranchs is known as ________, which means that the vertebral column extends up into the dorsal lobe.

A

Heterocercal

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6
Q

The structure in the intestine of chondrostean fish and some primitive osteichthyean fish that increases the surface area is the

A

Cecum

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7
Q

Briefly describe the reproduction of sharks

A

internal fertilization, and a range from oviparity to viviparity

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8
Q

Elasmobranchs maintain their fluids hypertonic to the ocean environment by accumulating _____ and ______

A

urea and trimethylamine oxide

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9
Q 
In elasmobranchs, the placoid scales are homologous to their
A)	organs of Lorenzini.
B)	rectal glands.
C)	ultimobranchial glands.
D)	teeth.
A

D) teeth.

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10
Q

The function of the elasmobranch __________ is to bring in water to the gill cavity.

A

Spiracle

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11
Q 
Skates and rays are flattened \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for life on the sea floor.
A)	dorsoventrally
B)	dorsolaterally
C)	ventrolaterally
D)	anterioposteriorly
A

A) dorsoventrally

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12
Q 
Paired fins include
A)	dorsal and pectoral.
B)	dorsal and anal.
C)	pectoral and pelvic.
D)	pelvic and anal.
A

C) pectoral and pelvic.

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13
Q 
The subclass Sarcopterygii includes the lungfishes and
A)	the genus Latimeria.
B)	the genus Raja.
C)	the genus Squalus.
D)	the genus Perca.
A

A) the genus Latimeria.

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14
Q 
The most primitive actinopterygian fish (historically and today) have \_\_\_\_\_\_ scales.
A)	ctenoid
B)	cycloid
C)	placoid
D)	ganoid
A

D) ganoid

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15
Q 
The lungs of early fish have formed into the \_\_\_\_\_\_ of modern fishes.
A)	pharyngeal pouches
B)	swim bladders
C)	pyloric cecae
D)	diverticula
A

B) swim bladders

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16
Q 
The swimming ability of fish can be attributed to their
A)	swim bladders.
B)	pyloric cecae.
C)	septa.
D)	myomeres.
A

D) myomeres.

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17
Q

Sharks have a _____ with much _____

A

Liver, Squalene

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18
Q

The swim bladder of osteichthyean fish has a gas gland and a network of capillaries, the _____________, that acts to keep the bladder filled at an appropriate pressure.

A

rete mirabile

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19
Q

The larva of the eel is called the __________, which metamorphoses into the elver, then the adult eel.

A

leptocephalus

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20
Q 
Salmon migrate to their natal stream via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cues in the river systems.
A)	visual
B)	olfactory
C)	magnetic
D)	unknown
A

B) olfactory

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21
Q

Most commonly, fish can be described as _________ and _________ with respect to reproduction.

A

dioecious, with external fertilization

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22
Q

The aquatic medium is much denser and has much more oxygen than the terrestrial environment. True or False

A

False

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23
Q

The most obvious persistent notochord would be found in a lamprey. True or False

A

True

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24
Q

Marine lampreys would be considered to be catadromous, while freshwater eels are anadromous. True or False

A

False

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25
Q

What is Anadromous?

A

fish, born in fresh water, spends most of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn.

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26
Q

What is Catadromous?

A

Fish, born in the sea, spends most ifs life in fresh water and returns to the sea to spawn

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27
Q

As they lack any intromittent organ, sharks typically have external fertilization. True or False

A

False

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28
Q

What system allows fish to sense changes in water pressure. This system is found in both chondrichthyean and osteichthyean fish.

A

The lateral line

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29
Q

The ultimobranchial glands sense electrical fields to allow sharks to find prey. True or False

A

False. It is the ampullae of Lorenzini

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30
Q

The neopterygians are of significance as they are probably the sister lineage of the amphibians. True or False

A

False. (Type of Fish)

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31
Q

The pyloric cecum allows some fish to adjust the volume of air in the swim bladder as it connects to the esophagus and the swim bladder. True or False

A

False

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32
Q

The tail type seen in sharks is ________

A

heterocercal

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33
Q

The tail type seen in osteichthyean fish can be _____, ______, and _____

A

heterocercal, homocercal, or diphycercal

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34
Q

The most speciose group of fish is subclass _______, while the least speciose group is represented by the ________

A

Actinopterygii, coelocanth.

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35
Q

Among the fish that lack paired fins are the lampreys, the hagfish, and the chimeras. True or False

A

False

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36
Q

Among the fish that have opercula are the bony fishes and the rays. True or False

A

False

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37
Q

The fish whose ancestors are most closely allied with the ancestors of the tetrapods are the holocephalans. True or False

A

False

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38
Q

To maximize the amount of oxygen removed from the water, fishes have countercurrent flow, which means _____.

A

blood flows through and water flows across the gills in the opposite directions

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39
Q

Fish that spend their adult life at sea but spawn in freshwater are ____,

A

anadromous

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40
Q 
The scales of fish are \_\_\_ in origin.
A)	bony
B)	dermal
C)	epidermal
D)	hypodermal
A

B) dermal

41
Q

The fossil evidence of forms intermediate between the gnathostomes and the ____ is the least adequate and convincing.

A

agnathans

42
Q

Sharks use their ____ to detect the bioelectric fields of prey buried in sand or sediments.

A

organs of Lorenzini

43
Q 
The \_\_\_\_ diverged from the earliest shark lineage.
A)	Actinopterygia
B)	Holocephali
C)	Sarcopterygii
D)	Mixini
A

B) Holocephali

44
Q

Out of the 5 chordate features what do Urochordata (Tunicates) have in there adult form

A

Only Endostyle and Pharyngeal gill slits

45
Q

What is the feeding habits of Urochordata (Tunicates)

A

Filter feeding via in/out siphons -> Pharynx -> Endostyle produces mucus trapping food -> Moved to stomach via cilia -> waste leaves via out siphon

46
Q

What is the Reproduction of Unochordata (Tunicates)

A

Hermaphroditic with each animal having a single ovary and testie
Germ cells -> Atrial cavity where fertilisation occurs

47
Q

What are the feeding habits of Cephalochordata

A

Filter feeding via cilia lined mouth -> Food trapped in mucus on pharyngeal slits -> cilia move food into gut -> filtered water leaves via atriopore

48
Q

What is the Reproduction of Cephalochordata

A

Diecous - Gametes released via atrium - External fertilization

49
Q

What are the general characteristics for a Craniata/Vertebrata

A

Bone/Cartilage endoskeleton - Complex muscle/nervous system for sensory, motor, and organ functions - Cephalization - Efficient Respiratory/circulatory systems

50
Q

What are Myxinoidea (Hagfish) main features

A

Degenerate - Jawless - Cartilaginous notocord - no osmoregulate.
Scavenger using a rasping mouth
Reproduction via Hermaphrodites/Diecous

51
Q

What is the life-cycle of the Petromyzontoidea (Lampreys)

A

Ammocoete (Larvae in soft sediment/Detritus) -> Metamorph (Eyes - suction disk/teeth/tongue piston) -> Growth (Feed down stream - Spawn up stream)
Male build nest - release fermones - female joins to release eggs- both die

52
Q

In Gnathostomes tree what is the node 1 branch

A

Superior oblique muscle of eye attached anteriorly to eyeball. Brain-case including nasal capsules. Jaw muscle external to mandibular arch

53
Q

In Gnathostomes tree what is the Telestomi branch

A

Mouth terminal in position (Under chin) - Narrow based brain-case - Three otoliths in ear -(Calcium structure)

54
Q

In Gnathostomes tree what is the Osteichithyes branch

A

Endochrondal bone - Lepidotrichs on fins (Bony bits in fins) - Jaws lined by dentary, Premaxillary and maxillary

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the skull In Gnathostomes tree

A

Chondrocranium (Main body of the head)
Splanchnocranium (Jaw and gill arches)
Dermatocranium (Made of bone)

56
Q

What are the features of Chondrocranium In Gnathostomes

A

Fenestra (Window in jaw: muscle outlet)

Foramen (Small holes in skull for nerves/blood vessels

57
Q

What are the features of Splanchnocranium in Gnathostomes

A

Derived via pharyngeal arches being the most ancient part of the skull - Supports gills + gill muscle attach to them (Palatoquadrate = Upper/ Mandibular = Lower jaw)

58
Q

What are the features of Dermatocranium In Gnathostomes

A

Only in bony vertebrates - started as armoured scales via the dermal bone - Fuses with the Chondrocranium and Splanchnocranium for extra protection.

59
Q

What are the general origins of teeth

A

Jaws before teeth - Bony fish/tetrapoda = embedded into jaw = dermal papilla - Chodrichthyans teeth from their skin

60
Q

What are the 3 styles of predation of jawed fishes

A

Hit and run
Filter feeding
Gape and suck

61
Q

What is the hit and run predation style of jawed fish

A

Fast swimming in order to engulf/swallow/tare chunks from prey - Firm jaw construction (Maxilla fused to cranium

62
Q

What is the Filter feeding predation style of jawed fish

A

pelagic fish

Wide mouth that can remain open for long amounts of time

63
Q

What is the Gape and Suck predation style of jawed fish

A

Demersal/benthic fish

Fast opening mouth causing a pocket of negative pressure, forcing water into the mouth

64
Q

What are the benefits to having paired fins.

What is the Fin fold theory

A

Better mobility due to fine scale movements

Fins that use to be on both Dorsal and ventral sides get adapted into paired fins

65
Q

What are the general features of Placoderms (Plated fish)

A

Paired pectoral/ pelvic fins - Notochord = main body support - First jawed animals - Ancestor to sharks/rays?

66
Q

What are the general features of Acanthodii

A

Jaw - Large eyes - Ancestor to bony fish - Bone ‘Like’ scales - bony skeleton

67
Q

Define what a fish is

A

An aquatic vertebrate with gills and limbs in the shape of fins

68
Q

What are the main characteristics of “fish”

A

Aquatic chordate craniates - Exotherm - Appendages developed into fins - Gills for respiration - Most covered in scales

69
Q

What is regional endothermy

A

Blood vessels with a counter current near the main muscles used in movement provide heat for the rest of the body

70
Q

What is Oviparous

A

Young develop/born from an egg

71
Q

What is Ovoviviparous

A

Young develop/born from an egg case

72
Q

What is Vivparous

A

Young develop/born prior to a live birth

73
Q

What are the 4 types of scales

A

Placoid (Cartilaginous fish) - Ganoid (Bony/Primitive fish) - Cycloid (Soft/Primitive fish) - Ctenoid (Bony spined fish)

74
Q

What are the features of a Placoid scale

A

Small - Conical with sharp dorsal ridge made of dentine/enamel

75
Q

What are the features of a Ganoid scale

A

Diamond shape - Hard silvery enamel

76
Q

What are the features of a Cycloid scale

A

Light weight - smooth posterior edge - greater speed

77
Q

What are the features of a Ctenoid scale

A

Light weight - Comb ‘like’ on posterior end to make it more stream lined

78
Q

What are the 7 main variations of body shape

A

Fusiform (Torpedo shape) - Compressiform ( Side - side) - Depressiform (Top - Bottom) - Anguilliform/filliform (Eel like) - Taeniform (Eel but flatten side-side) - Sagittiform (Arrow like) - Globiform (Globe like)

79
Q

What are the 2 types of swim bladders

A

Physostomous (Attached to oesophagous)

Physoclists (Attached to blood vessels)

80
Q

How does a Physostomous swim bladder function

A

Gulp air to fill due to being attached to oesophagous

Allows for rapid ascension without bursting

81
Q

How does a Physoclists swim bladder function

A

Connected via blood vessels, so gas increase/decreases via absorption from the blood.
Only found in derived teleosts

82
Q

What is the lateral line

A

Sensory organ containing Neuromasts that detect movements in the water

83
Q

What is the ampullae of lorenzini

A

Network of jelly filled pits that detect electrical impulses

84
Q

What are the main characteristics of Chondrichthyes (Sharks/Cimeras)

A

Cartilaginous skeleton - Ventral mouth - Placoid scales - Heteroceral tail (one larger lob) - Internal fertilization (Ovovivparous/vivparous)

85
Q

what are the 2 subclasses of Chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobrancii (Sharks/Rays/Skates)

Holoceprali (Chimeras)

86
Q

Define a ‘true shark’

A

Fusiform body - Mainly pelagic - Ridged fins - Propulsion by undulation of tail - Mainly active predator

87
Q

Define a ‘true ray’

A

Dorso-ventrally flattened - Enlarged pectoral fins - Mainly demersal - Propulsion via undulation of pectoral fins - Predator/Scavenger

88
Q

What are the general characteristics of Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

A

Bony fish that also support fins - Homocercal tail - Cycloid/Ctenoid/Ganoid scales (None) - Replaceable dentition - Swim bladder

89
Q

What are the Subclasses of Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

A

Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish/Lung fish)

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)

90
Q

What are the general characteristics of Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish/lung fish)

A

Evolved during Devonian - Most are extinct - Fins with a thick central lobe - Lungs/Gills - 3 Lobed gaudal fin used as legs and lung as gills

91
Q

What are the general characteristics of Actinopterygii

A

All extant bony fish - Originated from Devonian freshwaters

92
Q

What are the characteristics of Teleosts (Perfect bone)

A

96% of extant fish - Arose 200 MYA - Reduced bone in head/Jaw/Vertebrae/Scales - Fin diversification/Placement - Greater control of Gas bladder/Suction ability/ Protrusion of mouth

93
Q

What are the benefits of Heterocercal/Homoceral caudal fins, and the location of paired fins

A

Heterocercal = Provide lift
Homocercal = Forward thrust + greater manoeuvrability
Paired fin location = Moved to increase mobility

94
Q

In order of most to least head movement, what are the 4 types of swimming styles

A

Anguilliform -> Subarangiform -> Garangiform -> Thunniform

95
Q

What are the 5 types of migration in fish

A

Anadromy - Semi Anadromy - Catadromy - Semi Catadromy - Amphidromy

96
Q

Describe anadromy and Semi anadromy migration pattern

A

Anadromy is Born in Freshwater -> Estuary -> Sea, Back to Freshwater to spawn
Semi Anadromy is Born in Estuary -> Sea. Back to Estuary to spawn.

97
Q

Describe catadromy and Semi catadromy

A

Catadromy is Born in sea -> Estuary -> Freshwater. Back to sea to spawn
Semi catadromy is Born in Estuary -> Freshwater. Back to Estuary to spawn

98
Q

Describe Amphidromy

A

Similar to anadromy in that they are born in Freshwater -> Estuary -> Sea. and return to freshwater to spawn, but spawn place can change unlike salmon

99
Q

What are the 5 main caudal fin shapes

A

Rounded - Truncate - Emarginate - Forked - Lunate

BIO244 Animal Diversity - Vertebrate (8 decks)

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