Organs & Body Systems

Question 1

• regulate ECF volume & osmolality
• regulate electrolyte levels in ECF
• regulate pH of ECF by excretion or retention of hydrogen ions
• normally filter 180L of plasma daily in adults, while excreting only 1.5L of urine

Answer 1

kidneys

Question 2

• circulate nutrients & water throughout the body
• circulate blood through the kidneys under sufficient pressure for urine to form
• react to hypovolemia by stimulating fluid retention

Answer 2

heart & blood vessels

Question 3

• remove approximately 300mL of water daily through exhalation (insensible water loss) in normal adult
• eliminate about 13,000 mEq of hydrogen ions daily
• act promptly to correct metabolic acid-base disturbances; regulate H+ concentration (pH) by controlling the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ECF

Answer 3

lungs

Question 4

regulate blood volume and sodium & potassium balance by excreting aldosterone

Answer 4

adrenal glands

Question 5

• stores & releases the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which acts to allow the body to retain water
• acts chiefly to regulate sodium & water intake and excretion

Answer 5

pituitary gland

Question 6

increases blood flow in the body by releasing thyroxine, leading to increased renal circulation and resulting in increased glomerular filtration & urinary output

Answer 6

thyroid gland

Question 7

• inhibits & stimulates mechanisms influencing fluid balance; acts chiefly to regulate sodium & water intake and excretion
• regulates oral intake by sensing intracellular dehydration, which triggers thirst

Answer 7

nervous system

Question 8

absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route

Answer 8

GI tract

Question 9

regulate calcium & phosphate balance by means of parathyroid hormone (PTH); PTH influences bone reabsorption, calcium absorption from the intestines, and calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules

Answer 9

parathyroid glands