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MSK exam 3 AP lower limb > Organization of the lower limb > Flashcards

Organization of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

why is the joint at the hip more secure but LESS mobile than the upper ilmb

A

it is more stable because the acetabulum captures the head of the femur to a greater degree than does the glenoid cavity

but this decreases the hip joints mobility

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2
Q

what does the capsule of the hip joint do?

A

helps with stability

limites extension and abduction

DOES LITTLE to inhibit flexion

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3
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

modified hinge joint

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4
Q

what allows for climbing and running?

A

modified hinge joint at knee coupled with flexion at the hip

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5
Q

what is the role of the fibula. what does it NOT do?

A

mainly provides muscle attachment site

assists in forming mortise for ankle joint

DOES NOT add to stability or strength

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6
Q

what does the ankle joint allow for?

A

hinge joint

needed to jump and run

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the multiple jointed feet?

A

allows for spring needed for cushioned landing and for negotiating uneven surfaces

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8
Q

what are the layers of the superficial fascia?

A

fatty layer

membranous layer

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9
Q

what is in the space between the fatty layer and the membranous layer of superficial fascia?

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

subcutaneous blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

what is deep fascia attached to superiorly and inferiorly?

A

most of the inferior aspect of the bony pelvis and is attached below to bony prominences at the knee and ankle

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11
Q

what is fascia lata

A

most superior portion of deep fascia

surrounds the thigh and a portion of the gluteal region

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12
Q

what is the gluteal aponeurosis

A

thickened portion of the fascia lata which extends inferiorly from the posterior portion of the iliac crest and forms and incomplete intermuscular septum between the gluteus maximus and medus muscles

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13
Q

iliotibial tract

A

lateral thickening of the fascia lata which serves as a tendon for the tensor fascia kata and gluteus maximus muscles

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14
Q

what does the iliotibial tract attach to

A

to the tibia

head of the fibula and blends with the capsule of the knee joint

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15
Q

where is the saphenous vein opening?

A

it is a circular opening in the superior anteromedial portion of the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament

presents a falciform margin (sickle shaped)

is underlain with fascia cribrosa and transmits the great saphenous v

part of superior fascia lata

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16
Q

what is crural fascia?

A

fascia that is an extension of fascia lata below the knee

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17
Q

anterior and posterior intermuscular septa of crural fascia are what and do what?

A

inward extensions of crural fascia to the fibula

delineate anterior and lateral crural compartments

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18
Q

what does the transverse intermuscular septa of the crural fascia do?

A

attaches between the tibia and fibula posteriorly

delineates superficial and deep posterior compartments

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19
Q

what does the retinacula of the ankle do?

A

prevents tendon bowstringing

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20
Q

where are the superior and inferior extensor retinacula

A

anterior surface

looks like a Z

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21
Q

where are the superior and inferior fibular retinacula

A

lateral surface of ankle

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22
Q

where is the flexor retinaculum

A

posteriormedial surface of ankle

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23
Q

what is the fascia of the dorsum of the foot continuous with?

A

extensor retinaculum

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24
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis

A

its a thickened central component of the plantar fascia

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25
Q

what is the major function of muscles located in the anterior femoral compartment?

A

quads and sartorius

flex thigh and/or extend the leg

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26
Q

what supplies blood and innervation to the anterior femoral compartment

A

femoral artery and n

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27
Q

what is found in the femoral triangle?

A

femoral vein and artery and nerve

deep inguinal lymph nodes

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28
Q

what covers the femoral triangle?

A

fascia lata

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29
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament
sartorius
adductor longus

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30
Q

what is the main action of muscles in the medial femoral compartment

A

flex
adduct
rotate the thigh

31
Q

what supplies blood and innervates the medial femoral compartment ?

A

branches of the obturator artery and nerve distribute within this compartment

32
Q

what is the adductor canal?

A

canal connecting the femoral triangle with the popliteal fossa

33
Q

what is the adductor canal bounded by? and what is found inside it?

A

sartorius
adductor musculature
vastus medialis

found inside is the femoral artery, vein, saphenous nerve and nerve to the vastus medialis

34
Q

what is the main action of the superficial compartment muscles of the gluteal compartment

A

these muscles mimic the deltoid muscle

abducts
flexes andmedially rotates thigh
extends andlaterally rotates the thigh

35
Q

what do the deep compartment muscles of the gluteal compartment do?

A

abduct and laterally rotate the thigh

36
Q

what nerve passes through the gluteal compartment?

A

sciatic

37
Q

what branches of arteries and nerves distribute to the gluteal compartment ?

A

superior and inferior gluteal artery and nerve

38
Q

what is the main action of muscles located within the posterior femoral compartment?

A

flex the leg

extend the thigh

39
Q

what arterial supply and innervation supplies the posterior femoral compartment?

A

branches of the deep femoral artery and vein

sciatic nerve (traverses the entire length)

40
Q

what is the popliteal fossa bounded by?

A 
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
gastrocnemius 
fascia lata
41
Q

what does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

popliteal a and its branches
popliteal v
bifurcation of sciatic nerve into its common fibular and tibial branches

42
Q

what do the muscles of superficial compartment of the posterior crural compartment do?

A

flex the leg
plantar flex the foot

includes:
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

43
Q

what is the main action of the deep compartment muscles of the posterior crural compartment ?

A

plantar flex

invert the foot

44
Q

what innervates the posterior crural compartment?

A

tibial nerve and tibial artery

45
Q

what do the muscles of the lateral crural compartment do? what innervates this compartment

A

plantar flex and evert the foot

branches of the superficial fibular n. and fibular a.

46
Q

what do the muscles of the anterior crural compartment do?

A

dorsi flex and invert the foot
extends toes
assists in eversion of the foot

47
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior crural compartment

A

deep fibular n.

anterior tibial a.

48
Q

what are the four compartments of the foot?

what innervates and supplies blood to this

A

medial
lateral
central
interosseous

posterior tibial a (bifurcates to form lateral and medial plantar aa.)

tibial n (bifurcates to form the lateral and medial plantar nn.

49
Q

what is the major artery of the lower limb?

A

femoral a

50
Q

when does the femoral a become the popliteal

A

upon escaping the adductor canal

51
Q

when does the popliteal a bifurcate to become anterior and posterior tibial arteries ?

A

upon exiting the popliteal fossa

52
Q

what does the posterior tibial a provide circulation for?

A

posterior and lateral compartment (via fibular a.) of the leg and plantar surface of the foot

53
Q

where are the major anastomoses in the lower limb located?

A

hip
knee
ankle
foot

54
Q

where does the great saphenous vein begin?

A

begins on the medial side of the dorsum of the foot

55
Q

where does the great saphenous vein ascend

A

medially along the leg and thigh

ANTERIOR to the medial malleolus at the ankle

POSTERIOR to the medial condyle of the femur at the knee

parallels the corse of the saphenous nerve in the leg

56
Q

when does the saphenous vein empty into the femoral vein?

A

after passing through the saphenous vein opening of the fascia lata

57
Q

where does the lesser saphenous vein begin

A

on the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot

58
Q

what is the path of the lesser saphenous vein

A

ascends behind the lateral malleolus and along the midline of the calf paralleling the course of the sural n.

pierces the crural fascia to join the popliteal vein

59
Q

what is a problem that can happen with superficial veins?

A

because they have valves, due to increased back flow and subsequent valvular incompetency these can form varicosities

ALSO these veins are used in coronary by=pass surgery

60
Q

what is the cord levels of femoral nerve

A

L2 3 4

61
Q

where does the femoral nerve enter the leg?

A

deep to the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle

62
Q

what does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

anterior femoral musculature and skin of the anterior thigh, medial leg and medial foot

63
Q

what are the cord levels of the obturator n

A

L2 3 4

64
Q

where does the obturator nerve enter the thigh

A

via the obturator canal

sends a posterior branch behind the obturator muscle and an anterior branch in front of this muscle

65
Q

what does the obturator nerve provide innervation for?

A

motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh

cutaneous innervation to the medial surface of the thigh

66
Q

what are the cord levels of the sciatic nerve

A

L4, 5

S 1 2 3

67
Q

where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis? and where does it run thereafter and split into?

A

via the greater sciatic foramen

courses through the posterior thigh to bifurcate in the popliteal fossa into tibial and common fibular nn.

68
Q

what does the sciate n innervate

A

all of the posterior thigh, leg, and plantar musculature

specific cutaneous areas

69
Q

cutaneous innervation of the lower limb is accomplished by branches of what?

A

branches of the lumbar and sacral plexuses (VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves L1-L2)

and DORSAL rami of spinal nerves L1-L3 and S1-S3

\

70
Q

dermatomes of the lower limb invovle what spinal cord levels?

A

L1-S2

spiral around the limb from lateral to medial in “barber pole” fashion

71
Q

where is the L4 dermatome

A

located anterior to the greater trochanter

overlays the patella, medial malleolus and great toe

72
Q

where is S1 and S2 dermatomes

A

both descend the middle of the posterior thigh and leg

S1 overlays the lateral malleolus
S2 is located on the medial plantar surface of the heel

73
Q

where are L4,5 and S1

A

cross the dorsum and plantar surface of the foot from medial to lateral

MSK exam 3 AP lower limb (15 decks)

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