Organization of Lower Limbs- Diogo

Question 1

Radius is analogous to what bone in the upper limb?

Answer 1

tibia

Question 2

Ulna is analogous to what bone in the lower limb?

Answer 2

fibula

Question 3

Human embryology shows _______rotation of the upper limb and ________rotation of the lower limb.

Answer 3

upper limb- lateral rotation

lower limb- medial rotation

Question 4

The patella is analogous to what in the upper limb?

Answer 4

olecranon process

Question 5

The anterior of the upper limb corresponds to the __________of the lower limb.

Answer 5

posterior

Question 6

Eversion an inversion is analogous to what movements in the upper limb?

Answer 6

supination and pronation

Question 7

The flexor muscle compartments of both the upper and lower limbs face in what anatomical position?

Answer 7

ventrally

Question 8

What is normally called flexion of the thigh in human anatomy actually corresponds to what? Which muscles are involved?

Answer 8

• extension of the thigh in the true anatomical position where the big toe (hallux) corresponds to the thumb
• quadriceps femoris in lower limb analogous to triceps brachii in upper limb

Question 9

What is normally called extension of the thigh in human anatomy actually corresponds to what? Which muscles are involved?

Answer 9

• flexion of the thigh in the true anatomical position where the big toe (hallux) corresponds to the thumb
• biceps femoris in the lower limb and biceps brachii in upper limb

Question 10

Which anterior artery gives blood supply to the entire lower limb?

Answer 10

femoral artery

Question 11

All the anterior/posterior/lateral leg muscles, and all foot muscles, are innervated by this posterior nerve.

Answer 11

sciatic nerve

Question 12

Human lost what movement in the feet that is present in the hands?

Answer 12

opposition

Question 13

How is the human pelvis compared to that of an ape?

Answer 13

wide, basin shaped pelvis due to having kids with big heads (brains)

Question 14

How is the vertebrae of a human compared to an ape?

Answer 14

lumbar curvature is introduced to increase the height of the lumbar vertebrae to support body weight

Question 15

What are the adaptations for bipedalism in humans?

Answer 15

• foramen magnum at the BASE of skull
• S-shaped spine
• BOWL-shaped pelvis
• femurs SLANT INWARDS to knees
• ARCHED feet

Question 16

What were the reason for going bipedal?

Answer 16

• free the hands for tool use
• energetic efficiency
• predator detection
• temperature regulation
• free hands for carrying and provisioning of food
• a shift in habitat from forested land toward savannah/open grassland

Question 17

Fibularis tertius is an example of what?

Answer 17

a polymorphism as it is present 18% of the time in the NORMAL human population

Question 18

This is a hereditary condition in which the growth of long bones by ossification of cartilage is retarded. This often results in very short limbs relative to the trunk.

Answer 18

achondroplasia

Question 19

The forelimb and hindlimb are regulated by what genes respectively?

Answer 19

forelimb: Tbx5
hindlimb: Tbx4 and Pitx1

Question 20

Variations and polymorphisms are present in what percentage of the normal human population respectively?

Answer 20

variation: <2%
polymorphisms: 2% to 15%

Question 21

What are the three arches in the foot?

Answer 21

transverse arch
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch

Question 22

Humans are the most efficient in this type of activity.

Answer 22

endurance running

Question 23

The head of the pelvis is more lateral than the femur. Why is this?

Answer 23

the vagus angle of the knee

the femur goes inward due to the vagus knee

Question 24

Why is there modularity in the human body?

Answer 24

so that there is no ALL or nothing system

-if we lose something, we can still have some functionality