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PNUR 113 > Organization of Cells > Flashcards

Organization of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

active transport

A

The movement of solutes against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters.

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2
Q

cancer

A

A tumor that spreads to other tissues; a malignant neoplasms

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3
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing substance

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4
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

substance that fills the cells, consisting of liquid cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from a region where they are in higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration

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7
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

endocytosis

A

The movement of large amounts of material into a cell using vessels

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9
Q

exocytosis

A

The movement of large amounts of material out of the cell using vesicles

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10
Q

filtration

A

Movement of material through a semipermeable membrane down a pressure gradient.

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11
Q

gene

A

Hereditary factor; portion of the DNA on a chromosome encoding a specific protein.

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12
Q

hemolysis

A

disease of newborn (HDN). Condition that results from Rh incompatibility between a mother and her fetus; erythroblastosis fetalis

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13
Q

hypertonic

A

describing a solution that is more concentrated than the fluids within a cell

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

Describing a solution that is less concentrated then the fluids within a cell

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15
Q

interphase

A

Stage in a cell’s life cycle between one mitosis and the next; time period when a cell is not dividing.

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16
Q

isotonic

A

Describing a solution that has the same concentration as the fluid within a cell.

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17
Q

micrometer

A

1/1000th of a millimetre; an instrument for measuring through a microscope.

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18
Q

microscope

A

magnifying instrument used to examine cells and other structures not visible with the naked eye. compound light micro., transmission electron micro., and Scanning electron micro.,

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19
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular organelles that manufacture ATP with the energy released from the oxidation of nutrients; sing., mitochondrion.

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20
Q

mitosis

A

type of cell division that produces two daughter cells exactly like the parent cell.

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21
Q

mutation

A

change in a gene or a chromosome

22
Q

nucleus

A

largest cellular organelle, containing the DNA, which directs all cell activities; group of neutrons in the central nervous system; in chemistry, the central part of an atom.

23
Q

organelle

A

specialized structure within a cell

24
Q

osmosis

A

passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration.

25
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing of large particles through the plasma membrane.

26
Q

ribosome

A

small body in the cell’s cytoplasm that is a site of protein manufacture

27
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, substance needed for protein manufacture in the cell

28
Q

plasma membrane

A

outer covering of a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; cell membrane

29
Q

chromosome

A

Contains genes that determine hereditary traits. in the cells nucleus

30
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
interphase

31
Q

prophase

A

DNA strands coil into chromosomes
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
Centrioles move to opposite poles and form spindles

32
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up across centre of cell
Chromosomes attach to spindle

33
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split
Identical chromosomes move toward opposite centrioles

34
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes continue to move towards centrioles
Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes
Plasma membrane pinches off in middle of cell to form two new identical daughter cells

35
Q

plasma membrane

A

Outer layer of the cell composed of lipids and proteins. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

36
Q

Microvilli

A

Short extensions of the plasma membrane.
Absorb materials into the cell

37
Q

Nucleus

A

Large, membrane-bound, dark-staining, organelle near the centre of the cell. Contains the chromosomes, the hereditary structures that direct all cellular activities

38
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small body in the nucleus. Makes ribosomes

39
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Colloid that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Site of cellular activities.

40
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm contains water enzymes, nutrients and other substances. Chemical reactions and nutrient storage

41
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes within the cytoplasm. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. smooth ER does not. Rough ER modifies folds and sorts proteins. Smooth ER participates in lipid synthesis.

42
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached tot he ER. composed of RNA and protein. Manufacture proteins

43
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

layers of membranes. Further modifies proteins; sorts and prepares proteins for transport to parts of the cell or out of the cell.

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Large organelles with internal folding membranes. Convert energy from nutrients into ATP

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small sacs of digestive enzymes. Digest substances with in the cell

46
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes. Digest substances within the cell.

47
Q

Proteasomes

A

Barrel-shaped organelles. Destroy improperly synthesized proteins.

48
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm. Store materials and move materials into or out of the cell.

49
Q

Centrioles

A

Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus. Help separate the chromosomes during cell division.

50
Q

Surface projections

A

Structures that extend from the cell. Move the cell or the fluids around the cell.

51
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hairlike projections from the cell. Move the fluids around the cell.

52
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, whiplike extensions from the cell. Moves the cell. (sperm)

PNUR 113 (11 decks)

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