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PNUR 113 > Organization of Cells > Flashcards

Organization of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

active transport

A

The movement of solutes against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters.

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2
Q

cancer

A

A tumor that spreads to other tissues; a malignant neoplasms

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3
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing substance

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4
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

substance that fills the cells, consisting of liquid cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from a region where they are in higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration

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7
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

endocytosis

A

The movement of large amounts of material into a cell using vessels

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9
Q

exocytosis

A

The movement of large amounts of material out of the cell using vesicles

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10
Q

filtration

A

Movement of material through a semipermeable membrane down a pressure gradient.

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11
Q

gene

A

Hereditary factor; portion of the DNA on a chromosome encoding a specific protein.

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12
Q

hemolysis

A

disease of newborn (HDN). Condition that results from Rh incompatibility between a mother and her fetus; erythroblastosis fetalis

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13
Q

hypertonic

A

describing a solution that is more concentrated than the fluids within a cell

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

Describing a solution that is less concentrated then the fluids within a cell

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15
Q

interphase

A

Stage in a cell’s life cycle between one mitosis and the next; time period when a cell is not dividing.

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16
Q

isotonic

A

Describing a solution that has the same concentration as the fluid within a cell.

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17
Q

micrometer

A

1/1000th of a millimetre; an instrument for measuring through a microscope.

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18
Q

microscope

A

magnifying instrument used to examine cells and other structures not visible with the naked eye. compound light micro., transmission electron micro., and Scanning electron micro.,

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19
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular organelles that manufacture ATP with the energy released from the oxidation of nutrients; sing., mitochondrion.

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20
Q

mitosis

A

type of cell division that produces two daughter cells exactly like the parent cell.

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21
Q

mutation

A

change in a gene or a chromosome

22
Q

nucleus

A

largest cellular organelle, containing the DNA, which directs all cell activities; group of neutrons in the central nervous system; in chemistry, the central part of an atom.

23
Q

organelle

A

specialized structure within a cell

24
Q

osmosis

A

passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration.

25
phagocytosis
engulfing of large particles through the plasma membrane.
26
ribosome
small body in the cell's cytoplasm that is a site of protein manufacture
27
RNA
ribonucleic acid, substance needed for protein manufacture in the cell
28
plasma membrane
outer covering of a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; cell membrane
29
chromosome
Contains genes that determine hereditary traits. in the cells nucleus
30
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase interphase
31
prophase
DNA strands coil into chromosomes Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear Centrioles move to opposite poles and form spindles
32
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up across centre of cell Chromosomes attach to spindle
33
Anaphase
Centromeres split Identical chromosomes move toward opposite centrioles
34
Telophase
Chromosomes continue to move towards centrioles Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes Plasma membrane pinches off in middle of cell to form two new identical daughter cells
35
plasma membrane
Outer layer of the cell composed of lipids and proteins. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
36
Microvilli
Short extensions of the plasma membrane. Absorb materials into the cell
37
Nucleus
Large, membrane-bound, dark-staining, organelle near the centre of the cell. Contains the chromosomes, the hereditary structures that direct all cellular activities
38
Nucleolus
Small body in the nucleus. Makes ribosomes
39
Cytoplasm
Colloid that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Site of cellular activities.
40
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm contains water enzymes, nutrients and other substances. Chemical reactions and nutrient storage
41
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of membranes within the cytoplasm. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. smooth ER does not. Rough ER modifies folds and sorts proteins. Smooth ER participates in lipid synthesis.
42
Ribosomes
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached tot he ER. composed of RNA and protein. Manufacture proteins
43
Golgi apparatus
layers of membranes. Further modifies proteins; sorts and prepares proteins for transport to parts of the cell or out of the cell.
44
Mitochondria
Large organelles with internal folding membranes. Convert energy from nutrients into ATP
45
Lysosomes
Small sacs of digestive enzymes. Digest substances with in the cell
46
Peroxisomes
Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes. Digest substances within the cell.
47
Proteasomes
Barrel-shaped organelles. Destroy improperly synthesized proteins.
48
Vesicles
small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm. Store materials and move materials into or out of the cell.
49
Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus. Help separate the chromosomes during cell division.
50
Surface projections
Structures that extend from the cell. Move the cell or the fluids around the cell.
51
Cilia
Short, hairlike projections from the cell. Move the fluids around the cell.
52
Flagellum
Long, whiplike extensions from the cell. Moves the cell. (sperm)

PNUR 113 (11 decks)

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