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Neuroanatomy > Organization > Flashcards

Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 main parts of the CNS

A
  1. Spinal cord
  2. Medulla
  3. Pons/Cerebellum
  4. Midbrain
  5. Diencephalon (Hypo/thalamus)
  6. Cerebral hemispheres
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2
Q

Name the 2 parts of the forebrain

A

Telencephalon & diencephalon

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3
Q

Name the 3 parts of the hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

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4
Q

2 types of astrocytes and location

A

Protoplasmic: gray matter
Fibrous: white matter

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5
Q

6 mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate GABA & Glu transmission

A
  1. Express transporters for GABA and Glu reuptake
  2. Control spillover into extracellular space
  3. Prevent excitotoxicity bc of overflow
  4. Release Glu to modulate transmission
  5. Express GABA & Glu
  6. NT release increases calcium levels in astrocytes which spreads through gap junctions
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6
Q

3 things activated microglia do

A
  1. Expand processes
  2. Move toward lesion
  3. Release cytokines
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7
Q

3 markers of asymmetric synapses

A
  1. Small round vesicles
  2. Dense material on post synapse
  3. Usually excitatory
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8
Q

2 markers of symmetric synapse

A
  1. Clusters of flattened vesicles

2. Usually inhibitory

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9
Q

3 types of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Amines
  3. Peptides
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10
Q

Example of amino acid NT

A

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

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11
Q

Example of amine NT

A 
Ach
DA
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
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12
Q

Example of peptide NT

A

CCK
Dynorphin
Neuropeptide Y

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13
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Peptide NTs that do not act directly but rather increase or decrease the action of NTs

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14
Q

Tectum contains 2 things

A

Superior & inferior colliculi

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15
Q

Tegmentum contains

A

Substantia nigra

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16
Q

Cerebellum has how many nuclei?

A

4

17
Q

Structures of the striatum

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

18
Q

4 Structures of Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Nucleus Accumbens

19
Q

4 places fornix goes to

A

Mammillary body
Septal nuclei
Basal forebrain regions
Cingulate gyrus

20
Q

Caudate nucleus an putamen form

A

Dorsal striatum

21
Q

What is massa intermedia

A

Bundle of axons connecting left and right thalamus

22
Q

What is the anterior limit of the hypothalamus

A

Preoptic area/optic chiasma

23
Q

What is the posterior limit of the hypothalamus

A

Mammillary body

24
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

Gland dorsal outgrowth of the caudal portion of the diencephalon

25
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in rodents

A

Regulate seasonal reproduction, circadian rhythm

26
Q

Main source of input to pontine nuclei

A

Cerebral cortex

27
Q

What did Karl Lashley think about association cortex?

A

It was basically the same

28
Q

How did Rose & Woolsey organize association cortex? 3 problems with it?

A

Based on thalamic projections

  1. Areas receive multiple inputs
  2. Some of their connections were wrong
  3. Can’t rely on one type of connection to define a region
29
Q

What did Woolsey (monkeys) and Penfield (humans) think of association cortex? Problem?

A

Took surface recordings. Thought multiple areas were one

Large surface areas don’t have detectable activation with surface electrodes

30
Q

How did Allman and Kaas approach association cortex? 2 discoveries?

A

Took deeper recordings.
Found it was topographically organized to 1 modality like primary
Discovered middle temporal visual area

31
Q

Name the 3 association cortices

A
  1. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
  2. Superior Temporal Cortex
  3. Inferior Parietal Cortex
32
Q

The intermediate zone is for

A

The sympathetic NS, interneurons that shape motor outputs in response to sensory info

33
Q

Name 3 parts that are not protected by the BBB

A

Choroids plexus
Pineal gland
Area postrema

34
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s

A

The arcuate fasciculus

Neuroanatomy (15 decks)

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