Organization Flashcards
Name the 6 main parts of the CNS
- Spinal cord
- Medulla
- Pons/Cerebellum
- Midbrain
- Diencephalon (Hypo/thalamus)
- Cerebral hemispheres
Name the 2 parts of the forebrain
Telencephalon & diencephalon
Name the 3 parts of the hindbrain
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
2 types of astrocytes and location
Protoplasmic: gray matter
Fibrous: white matter
6 mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate GABA & Glu transmission
- Express transporters for GABA and Glu reuptake
- Control spillover into extracellular space
- Prevent excitotoxicity bc of overflow
- Release Glu to modulate transmission
- Express GABA & Glu
- NT release increases calcium levels in astrocytes which spreads through gap junctions
3 things activated microglia do
- Expand processes
- Move toward lesion
- Release cytokines
3 markers of asymmetric synapses
- Small round vesicles
- Dense material on post synapse
- Usually excitatory
2 markers of symmetric synapse
- Clusters of flattened vesicles
2. Usually inhibitory
3 types of neurotransmitters
- Amino acids
- Amines
- Peptides
Example of amino acid NT
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Example of amine NT
Ach DA Epinephrine Norepinephrine Serotonin
Example of peptide NT
CCK
Dynorphin
Neuropeptide Y
What are neuromodulators?
Peptide NTs that do not act directly but rather increase or decrease the action of NTs
Tectum contains 2 things
Superior & inferior colliculi
Tegmentum contains
Substantia nigra
Cerebellum has how many nuclei?
4
Structures of the striatum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
4 Structures of Basal Ganglia
Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Nucleus Accumbens
4 places fornix goes to
Mammillary body
Septal nuclei
Basal forebrain regions
Cingulate gyrus
Caudate nucleus an putamen form
Dorsal striatum
What is massa intermedia
Bundle of axons connecting left and right thalamus
What is the anterior limit of the hypothalamus
Preoptic area/optic chiasma
What is the posterior limit of the hypothalamus
Mammillary body
What is the pineal gland
Gland dorsal outgrowth of the caudal portion of the diencephalon
What does the hypothalamus do in rodents
Regulate seasonal reproduction, circadian rhythm
Main source of input to pontine nuclei
Cerebral cortex
What did Karl Lashley think about association cortex?
It was basically the same
How did Rose & Woolsey organize association cortex? 3 problems with it?
Based on thalamic projections
- Areas receive multiple inputs
- Some of their connections were wrong
- Can’t rely on one type of connection to define a region
What did Woolsey (monkeys) and Penfield (humans) think of association cortex? Problem?
Took surface recordings. Thought multiple areas were one
Large surface areas don’t have detectable activation with surface electrodes
How did Allman and Kaas approach association cortex? 2 discoveries?
Took deeper recordings.
Found it was topographically organized to 1 modality like primary
Discovered middle temporal visual area
Name the 3 association cortices
- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- Superior Temporal Cortex
- Inferior Parietal Cortex
The intermediate zone is for
The sympathetic NS, interneurons that shape motor outputs in response to sensory info
Name 3 parts that are not protected by the BBB
Choroids plexus
Pineal gland
Area postrema
What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s
The arcuate fasciculus
