Organisms Exchange And Mass Transport Flashcards
How does gas move along a diffusion gradient in an insect?
Oxygen from respiration decreasing its conc at the end of the tracheoles. Creating a diffusion gradient causing oxygen to diffuse from the atmosphere into tracheoles. CO2 is produced from respiring cells and creates a gradient in the other direction.
How does gas move through an insect by mass transport?
Contraction of muscles in an insect can squeeze the trachea enabling mass movement of air in and out
How does gas move through an insect by the ends of the tracheoles being filled with water?
During periods of major activity muscle cells around tracheoles respire anaerobically producing lactate lowering water potential. Water now now moves into the tracheoles by osmosis
What’s countercurrent exchange?
Blood that is well loaded with oxygen meets water which has its maximum concentration of oxygen therefore oxygen from water diffuses into the blood. Creating a diffusion gradient
What adaptations do xerophytes have?
Hairy leaves+ thick cuticle+ rolled leaves reduces the water loss
What is the pulmonary ventilation rate equation?
Tidal volume x breathing rate
Describe inspiration?
External intercostal muscles contract
Internal intercostal muscles relax
Ribs upwards and outwards
Volume increases
Diaphragm contracts
Pressure decrease
Air moves in the lungs
Describe expiration?
External intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Ribs downwards and inwards
Volume decrease
Diaphragm relax
Pressure increase
Air moves out of kings
What is the role of the alveoli?
Red blood cells slowed for more time for diffusion
Alveoli walls are thin so short diffusion pathway
Alveoli have large SA
Describe carbohydrate digestion?
Saliva mixes with food during chewing
Saliva contains salivary amylase which hydrolyses starch to maltose. Food is swallowed and enters the stomach where acid denatures the amylase. Pancreatic amylase from the juice in the pancreas hydrolyses remaining starch into maltose
Describe the absorption of triglycerides?
Bile salts emulsify lipid droplets turning them into micelles. Micelles break down because of epithelial cells on the villi. Releasing fatty acids which can diffuse across cell membrane into epithelial cells. In the endoplasmic reticulum they are combined to make triglycerides. In Golgi apparatus triglycerides join with cholesterol to make chylomicrons which leave through exocytosis
What are features of a transport system?
Suitable medium to carry materials
A closed system
A form of mass transport
How does oxygenated blood move through the body?
Moves from the lungs into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. And moves out of the heart through the left ventricle by the aorta into the arteries to take it to the body parts. The renal artery moves it into the kidneys
Describe the cardiac cycle
Diastole(relaxation)- semilunar valve closed. Atrioventricular valves open. Relaxation of ventricles allows blood to enter atria
Atrial systole(contraction of atria)- atria contracts opening ventricles SL valve closed AV valve open
Ventricular systole(contraction of ventricles)- SL valve open AV valves closed ventricles contract walls thicken
How do you form tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure causes tissue fluid to move out of the blood plasma as it is a bigger pressure than the low water potential moving water in
