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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

Two monomers join together and lose a molecule of water

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2
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Two monomers are broken apart and a molecule of water is added

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3
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars

A

Add Benedict’s reagent and heat the mixture a positive result is it goes orange-brown

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4
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Add iodine solution and shake a positive test is blue-black colour

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5
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Add ethanol and water then shake. A positive test shows a cloudy white colour

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6
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

Buirets test (sodium hydroxide and copper II sulfate. A positive result shows a purple colour

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7
Q

Carbohydrates bond

A

Glycosidic bond

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8
Q

Lipid bond

A

Ester bond

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9
Q

Protein bond

A

Peptide bond

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10
Q

Starch’s structure

A

-alpha glucose monosaccharides
-branched or unbranched

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11
Q

Glycogen structure

A

-Found in animals and bacteria
-highly branched

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

-made of beta glucose
-unbranched
-hydrogen bonds
-cross linkages between adjacent chains

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13
Q

Triglycerides structure

A

-three fatty acids
-glycerol

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14
Q

Triglycerides structure rated to properties

A

-low mass to energy ratio so good storage molecules
-doesn’t affect osmosis as they are insoluble and non-polar

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15
Q

Phospholipids

A

-two fatty acids
-glycerol
-phosphate
-hydrophilic head=interacts with water
-hydrophobic tail=interacted with fat

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16
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary structure- amino acid monomers joining making a polypeptide
Secondary structure-gains hydrogen bonds causing it to twist into a 3D shape
Tertiary structure- contains disulphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
Quaternary structure- form complex molecules such as Haemoglobin

17
Q

Induced fit model

A

The enzyme doesn’t have to be very specific to the substrate. It can mild around the substrate and change the shape of its active site

18
Q

Temperatures effect on enzyme action

A

A rise in temperature means an increase in kinetic energy making a higher frequency of collisions of enzymes and substrates. When the temperature gets above the optimum it causes bonds (hydrogen) to break causing the active site of an enzyme change shape and denature.

19
Q

Ph effect on enzyme action

A

Enzymes can only work at there optimum ph of the ph is changed it will alter the charge on the amino acids breaking the bonds so the substrate can’t attach

20
Q

Concentration affect on enzymes

A

If you increase the concentration of either the substrate or enzyme then the rate of reaction will be increased up until they have no more to bind to

21
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

They have a similar structure to substrates so that they can occupy the active site of an enzyme . It is not permanently attached so can be replaced

22
Q

Non competitive inhibitors

A

They attach themselves to a binding site of an enzyme not the active site. They alter the shape of the enzyme so the substrate can no longer attach

23
Q

A DNA nucleotide

A

-phosphate group
-base( A T C G)
-Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)

24
Q

A RNA nucleotide

A

-phosphate group
-base ( A U C G )
-Penrose sugar (ribose)

25
Q

Stability of DNA

A

-Phosphodiester backbone protects more chemically reactive bases
- hydrogen bonding

26
Q

Function of DNA

A

-rarely mutates as it is very stable
-separates can separate during DNA replication
-large molecule do carries a lot of genetic information

27
Q

Semi conservative method

A

DNA helicase enzyme separates the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds. They now act as a template and nucleotides join to there complimentary base using DNA polymerase. One new strand joins to the old strand.

28
Q

The roles of ATP

A
  • ATP is an immediate energy source as the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction
    -used for muscle contractions so the muscles can slide past each other changing the length
  • forms lysosomes for secretion of cell products
29
Q

Waters functions

A

-water is used to break down molecules by hydrolysis in the metabolism
-water can be used as a solvent as it dissolves: gases,inorganic ions and waste

Biology (7 decks)

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