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GEN BIO | 4th Quarter > Organismal Biology Presentation > Flashcards

Organismal Biology Presentation Flashcards

source: bioportal

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Respiration of Fishes

A

gills

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2
Q

acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide and is mostly
associated with the circulatory system

A

respiratory system

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3
Q

Respiration of Annelids

A

skin

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4
Q

Respiration of Vertebrate

A

lungs/alveoli

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5
Q

Respiration of Insects

A

tracheal system

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6
Q

Route of air through the respiratory system

A

nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

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7
Q

Common Respiratory Diseases

A

Asthma
Emphysema
Tuberculosis

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8
Q

A chronic inflammatory disease that causes breathing problems due to narrowed
airways from inflammation or mucus blockage.

A

Asthma

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9
Q

sacs (alveoli) lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lung’s ability to
transfer oxygen to the blood.

A

Emphysema

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10
Q

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne germs from
person to person.

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

can occur in roots, stems, and primarily in leaves.

A

Gas exchange

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12
Q

are tiny pores in plant tissue that open and close to enable gas exchange which helps
in photosynthesis.

A

Stomata

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13
Q

control the opening and
closing of the stomata.

A

guard cells

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14
Q

When the _______are _____, the guard cells are swollen and when it is
_____, the guard cells are shrunken.

A

stomata ; open
closed

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15
Q

carries water and nutrients

A

Xylem

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16
Q

carries food and other organic substances ( e.g. hormones and mRNA)

A

Phloem

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17
Q

Types of Immune System

A

Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity

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18
Q

is the host’s first line of defense and is intended to prevent infection and attack the invading pathogens.

A

Innate Immunity

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19
Q

Examples of Innate Immunity

A

Neutrophils, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells

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20
Q

involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy
foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances
look like and mounting a new immune response. examples: B and T cells

A

Adaptive Immunity

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21
Q

Nervous System Types

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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22
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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23
Q

cranial nerves and spinal nerves that carry information in and out of the CNS.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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25
Q

regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity
of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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26
Q

conveys impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in
various parts of the body.

A

Sensory (afferent)

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27
Q

carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands. These
impulses activate muscles and glands.

A

Motor (efferent)

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28
Q

responds to stress and is responsible for the increase of your heartbeat and blood
pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement you may feel due to
the increase of adrenaline in your system.

A

Sympathetic

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29
Q

is evident when you rest or feel relaxed and is responsible for such things as the
constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation
of the digestive and urinary systems.

A

Parasympathetic

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30
Q

It receives information from our senses and controls our thoughts and movements.

A

Brain

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31
Q

Parts of the Brain

A

Diencephalon/interbrain
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere

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32
Q

Parts of Diencephalon/interbrain

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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33
Q

relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your ________ before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.

A

Thalamus

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35
Q

plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.

A

Thalamus

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36
Q

important autonomic nervous system center because it plays a role in the regulation of
body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

the center for many drives and emotions For example, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and
pleasure centers are in the hypothalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

Parts of Brain Stem

A

Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata
Pons

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39
Q

relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing.

A

Midbrain

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40
Q

plays an important role in motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle.

A

Midbrain

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41
Q

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and
vomiting, among others.

A

Medulla Oblongata

42
Q

have important nuclei involved in the control of breathing.

A

Pons

43
Q

provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and
equilibrium.

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

Part/s of Cerebrum

A

Cerebral Cortex

45
Q

Functions: Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness,
interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement.

A

Cerebral Cortex

46
Q

Four regions of the cortex

A

THE FRONTAL LOBE
THE TEMPORAL LOBE
THE PARIETAL LOBE
THE OCCIPITAL LOBE

47
Q

is for personality and emotions, higher thinking skills, like problem solving; and controlling movement.

A

THE FRONTAL LOBE

48
Q

helps process your hearing and other senses, and helps with language and reading.

A

THE TEMPORAL LOBE

49
Q

is involved with your senses, attention, and language.

A

THE PARIETAL LOBE

50
Q

helps your eyes see, including recognition of shapes and
colors.

A

THE OCCIPITAL LOBE

51
Q

controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.

A

Left Hemisphere

52
Q

controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.

A

Right Hemisphere

53
Q

The ability of the plant to reorient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source.

A

Phototropism

54
Q

is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards or in some cases away from,
a source of light.

A

Phototropism

55
Q

It is a plant’s growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or
gradient in water concentration.

A

Hydrotropism

56
Q

The movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch.

A

Thigmotropism

57
Q

The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity.

A

Gravitropism/Geotropism

58
Q

The response of
plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of the
gravisensing cells, the statocytes.

A

Gravitropism/Geotropism

59
Q

are signaling biomolecules released by plants and animals that have a function in the control of physiological processes as well as the upkeep of homeostasis in the body of living beings.

A

Hormones

60
Q

_______ hormones can diffuse through the blood (circulatory system), while _______ hormones diffuse
through the phloem and xylem.

A

Animals;Plants

61
Q

Parts of Plant Hormones

A

Auxin
Ethylene
Gibberellins
Brassinosteroids

62
Q

Stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only); promotes the formation of lateral
and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit; enhances apical dominance;
functions in phototropism and gravitropism;

A

Auxin

63
Q

Promotes ripening of many types of fruit, leaf abscission, and the triple response in
seedlings (inhibition of stem elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, and
horizontal growth)

A

Ethylene

64
Q

Stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, andseed development and germination

A

Gibberellins

65
Q

Promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots; promote root growth at low
concentrations

A

Brassinosteroids

66
Q

Plants can absorb water and mineral ions from the soil through the process of ___________.

A

osmosis

67
Q

Types Of Animals Based On Feeding Mechanisms

A

substrate-feeders
filter-feeders
fluid-feeders
bulk-feeders

68
Q

animals that live in or on their food source.

A

substrate-feeders

69
Q

Examples: earthworms that
feed through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live.

A

substrate-feeders

70
Q

include many aquatic animals that draw in water and strain small organisms
and food particles present in the medium.

A

filter-feeders

71
Q

Examples: whales and coelenterates

A

filter-feeders

72
Q

suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.

A

fluid-feeders

73
Q

Examples: mosquitoes,
leeches, head lice, aphids

A

fluid-feeders

74
Q

eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth,
tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces.

A

bulk-feeders

75
Q

Examples:
snakes, cats, man

A

bulk-feeders

76
Q

animals with four-part stomachs, which
allows them to chew food more than once.

A

Ruminants

77
Q

essentially like a tube with an opening at one
end for taking in food (mouth) and an opening
at the other end where unabsorbed waste
materials are eliminated (anus).

A

Complete Digestive System

78
Q

Food moves through the human digestive system through ____________

A

peristalsis

79
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A
  1. Oral Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
  8. anus
80
Q

mixes and stores ingested food, secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and
degrade the food, and regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.

A

Stomach

81
Q

carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream.

A

Small intestine

82
Q

When food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, excessive water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass, causing _____________.

A

Constipation

83
Q

result from any condition that rushes undigested food residue through the large intestine before it has had sufficient time to absorb the water.

A

Diarrhea

84
Q

Invertebrates’ Excetrory System

A

Cell surface or cell membrane
Metanephridia
Malpighian Tubules
Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System

85
Q

allows passage of wastes in unicellular organisms

A

Cell surface or cell membrane

86
Q

the excretory tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks

A

Metanephridia

87
Q

the excretory tubules of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached
to their digestive tract (midgut)

A

Malpighian Tubules

88
Q

a network of tubules that lack internal openings but
have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores such as in the flatworm, Dugesia.

A

Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System

89
Q

is the condition wherein steady state is regulated inside the organism for it to adapt to internal and
external changes.

A

Homeostasis

90
Q

is the physiological consistency of the body despite external fluctuations.

A

Homeostasis

91
Q

refers to stability, balance or equilibrium.

A

Homeostasis

92
Q

homeostatic three components:

A

receptor
center of control
effector

93
Q

A sense organ to detect a change

A

receptor

94
Q

will process and integrate what is happening

A

center of control

95
Q

produce a response appropriate to the change.

A

effector

96
Q

are two main types of feedback to which the system reacts:

A

Negative feedback
Positive feedback

97
Q

a reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the
direction of change.

A

Negative feedback

98
Q

a. Thermoregulation
b. Carbon dioxide concentration
c. Blood sugar level

what feedback?

A

Negative feedback

99
Q

a response occurs to amplify the change in the variable.

A

Positive feedback

100
Q

is less common in
naturally occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its applications.

A

Positive feedback

101
Q

a. For example, in nerves, a threshold electric potential triggers the generation of a much
larger action potential.
b. Blood clotting
c. Events in childbirth

What feedback?

A

Positive feedback

GEN BIO | 4th Quarter (5 decks)

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