Organismal Biology Presentation Flashcards
source: bioportal
Respiration of Fishes
gills
acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide and is mostly
associated with the circulatory system
respiratory system
Respiration of Annelids
skin
Respiration of Vertebrate
lungs/alveoli
Respiration of Insects
tracheal system
Route of air through the respiratory system
nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
Common Respiratory Diseases
Asthma
Emphysema
Tuberculosis
A chronic inflammatory disease that causes breathing problems due to narrowed
airways from inflammation or mucus blockage.
Asthma
sacs (alveoli) lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lung’s ability to
transfer oxygen to the blood.
Emphysema
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne germs from
person to person.
Tuberculosis
can occur in roots, stems, and primarily in leaves.
Gas exchange
are tiny pores in plant tissue that open and close to enable gas exchange which helps
in photosynthesis.
Stomata
control the opening and
closing of the stomata.
guard cells
When the _______are _____, the guard cells are swollen and when it is
_____, the guard cells are shrunken.
stomata ; open
closed
carries water and nutrients
Xylem
carries food and other organic substances ( e.g. hormones and mRNA)
Phloem
Types of Immune System
Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
is the host’s first line of defense and is intended to prevent infection and attack the invading pathogens.
Innate Immunity
Examples of Innate Immunity
Neutrophils, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells
involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy
foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances
look like and mounting a new immune response. examples: B and T cells
Adaptive Immunity
Nervous System Types
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
cranial nerves and spinal nerves that carry information in and out of the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System
allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity
of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
conveys impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in
various parts of the body.
Sensory (afferent)
carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands. These
impulses activate muscles and glands.
Motor (efferent)
responds to stress and is responsible for the increase of your heartbeat and blood
pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement you may feel due to
the increase of adrenaline in your system.
Sympathetic
is evident when you rest or feel relaxed and is responsible for such things as the
constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation
of the digestive and urinary systems.
Parasympathetic
It receives information from our senses and controls our thoughts and movements.
Brain
Parts of the Brain
Diencephalon/interbrain
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Parts of Diencephalon/interbrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.
Thalamus
All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your ________ before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.
Thalamus
plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.
Thalamus
important autonomic nervous system center because it plays a role in the regulation of
body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.
Hypothalamus
the center for many drives and emotions For example, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and
pleasure centers are in the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Parts of Brain Stem
Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing.
Midbrain
plays an important role in motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle.
Midbrain
Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and
vomiting, among others.
Medulla Oblongata
have important nuclei involved in the control of breathing.
Pons
provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and
equilibrium.
Cerebellum
Part/s of Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Functions: Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness,
interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement.
Cerebral Cortex
Four regions of the cortex
THE FRONTAL LOBE
THE TEMPORAL LOBE
THE PARIETAL LOBE
THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
is for personality and emotions, higher thinking skills, like problem solving; and controlling movement.
THE FRONTAL LOBE
helps process your hearing and other senses, and helps with language and reading.
THE TEMPORAL LOBE
is involved with your senses, attention, and language.
THE PARIETAL LOBE
helps your eyes see, including recognition of shapes and
colors.
THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
Left Hemisphere
controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.
Right Hemisphere
The ability of the plant to reorient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source.
Phototropism
is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards or in some cases away from,
a source of light.
Phototropism
It is a plant’s growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or
gradient in water concentration.
Hydrotropism
The movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch.
Thigmotropism
The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity.
Gravitropism/Geotropism
The response of
plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of the
gravisensing cells, the statocytes.
Gravitropism/Geotropism
are signaling biomolecules released by plants and animals that have a function in the control of physiological processes as well as the upkeep of homeostasis in the body of living beings.
Hormones
_______ hormones can diffuse through the blood (circulatory system), while _______ hormones diffuse
through the phloem and xylem.
Animals;Plants
Parts of Plant Hormones
Auxin
Ethylene
Gibberellins
Brassinosteroids
Stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only); promotes the formation of lateral
and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit; enhances apical dominance;
functions in phototropism and gravitropism;
Auxin
Promotes ripening of many types of fruit, leaf abscission, and the triple response in
seedlings (inhibition of stem elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, and
horizontal growth)
Ethylene
Stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, andseed development and germination
Gibberellins
Promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots; promote root growth at low
concentrations
Brassinosteroids
Plants can absorb water and mineral ions from the soil through the process of ___________.
osmosis
Types Of Animals Based On Feeding Mechanisms
substrate-feeders
filter-feeders
fluid-feeders
bulk-feeders
animals that live in or on their food source.
substrate-feeders
Examples: earthworms that
feed through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live.
substrate-feeders
include many aquatic animals that draw in water and strain small organisms
and food particles present in the medium.
filter-feeders
Examples: whales and coelenterates
filter-feeders
suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.
fluid-feeders
Examples: mosquitoes,
leeches, head lice, aphids
fluid-feeders
eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth,
tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces.
bulk-feeders
Examples:
snakes, cats, man
bulk-feeders
animals with four-part stomachs, which
allows them to chew food more than once.
Ruminants
essentially like a tube with an opening at one
end for taking in food (mouth) and an opening
at the other end where unabsorbed waste
materials are eliminated (anus).
Complete Digestive System
Food moves through the human digestive system through ____________
peristalsis
Organs of the digestive system
- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
mixes and stores ingested food, secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and
degrade the food, and regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.
Stomach
carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream.
Small intestine
When food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, excessive water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass, causing _____________.
Constipation
result from any condition that rushes undigested food residue through the large intestine before it has had sufficient time to absorb the water.
Diarrhea
Invertebrates’ Excetrory System
Cell surface or cell membrane
Metanephridia
Malpighian Tubules
Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System
allows passage of wastes in unicellular organisms
Cell surface or cell membrane
the excretory tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks
Metanephridia
the excretory tubules of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached
to their digestive tract (midgut)
Malpighian Tubules
a network of tubules that lack internal openings but
have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores such as in the flatworm, Dugesia.
Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System
is the condition wherein steady state is regulated inside the organism for it to adapt to internal and
external changes.
Homeostasis
is the physiological consistency of the body despite external fluctuations.
Homeostasis
refers to stability, balance or equilibrium.
Homeostasis
homeostatic three components:
receptor
center of control
effector
A sense organ to detect a change
receptor
will process and integrate what is happening
center of control
produce a response appropriate to the change.
effector
are two main types of feedback to which the system reacts:
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
a reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the
direction of change.
Negative feedback
a. Thermoregulation
b. Carbon dioxide concentration
c. Blood sugar level
what feedback?
Negative feedback
a response occurs to amplify the change in the variable.
Positive feedback
is less common in
naturally occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its applications.
Positive feedback
a. For example, in nerves, a threshold electric potential triggers the generation of a much
larger action potential.
b. Blood clotting
c. Events in childbirth
What feedback?
Positive feedback
