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GEN BIO | 4th Quarter > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

g-class study guide

1
Q

also known as respiratory exchange or respiration

A

Gas Exchange

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2
Q

involves the uptake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide
(CO2) to the environment in animals and plants (CO2 is taken in and O2 is released).

A

Gas Exchange

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3
Q

is abundant, making up about 21% of Earth’s atmosphere.

A

Oxygen in the air

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4
Q

is less dense and less viscous, making breathing easier and need not be efficient.

A

Air

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5
Q

is more demanding due to its lower O2 content,
greater density, and greater viscosity.

A

gas exchange with water

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6
Q

These animals require considerable energy to carry out gas exchange.

A

Aquatic animals

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7
Q

are always moist, and the movement of O2 and CO2 is entirely by diffusion.

A

Respiratory Surfaces

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8
Q

are suspended body surface outfoldings with a
larger surface area than the rest of the body.

A

Gills

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9
Q

A process of maintaining partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 across the gill.

A

Ventilation

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10
Q

move their gills through water or move water over their gills to promote ventilation.

A

Gill-bearing animals

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11
Q

consists of air tubes that branch throughout the body, with the largest tubes, called tracheae, opening to the outside.

A

Tracheal System

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12
Q

This system allows for the transport of O2 and CO2 within a short distance of every cell, without the need for the animal’s open circulatory system.

A

Tracheal System

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13
Q

Respiratory organs that facilitate efficient gas
exchange between the air and the bloodstream

A

Lungs

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14
Q

the respiratory surface of a lung is in
direct contact with all other parts of the body. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

False - not in direct contact.

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15
Q

transports gasses between the lungs and the rest of the body.

A

Circulatory system

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16
Q

leaf’s internal surface area may be _____________
larger than its external surface area.

A

10-30 time larger

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17
Q

enhances light absorption for photosynthesis.

A

Large surface area

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18
Q

aids in CO2 absorption during photosynthesis as well as in the release of O2

A

high surface-to-volume ratio

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19
Q

CO2 enters a honeycomb of airspaces formed by
the _____________________

A

Spongy mesophyll cells

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20
Q

balance water conservation with photosynthesis
by opening and closing stomata

A

Guard cells

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21
Q

When air enters the nostrils, filtered by hairs,
warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors

A

Nasal Cavity

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22
Q

an intersection where the paths for air and food cross.

A

Pharynx (throat)

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23
Q

How is food swallowed?

A

1.) The larynx moves upward
2.) Tips the epiglottis over the glottis allowing the food to go down the esophagus
3.) Esophagus to stomach

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24
Q

the upper part of the respiratory tract.

A

Larynx (Voice Box)

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25
Q

the opening of the trachea, or windpipe

A

glottis

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26
Q

reinforcing the walls of
both the larynx and the trachea keeps this part of the airway open.

A

Cartilage

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27
Q

Within the larynx of most
mammals exhaled air rushes by a pair of elastic bands of muscle (vocal cords for human).

A

Vocal Folds

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28
Q

How sounds are produced

A

when muscles in the larynx are tensed, stretching the cords so they vibrate.

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29
Q

result from tightly stretched cords vibrating rapidly.

A

High-pitched sounds

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30
Q

come from less tense cords vibrating slowly.

A

low-pitched sounds

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31
Q

consists of two bronchi that each leads to lungs

A

TRACHEA BRANCHES

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32
Q

plays a crucial role in cleansing the respiratory system

A

mucus escalator

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33
Q

where gas exchange in mammals occurs

A

alveoli

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34
Q

serves as the entry point for air into the respiratory system.

A

nasal cavity

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35
Q

It warms, humidifies, and filters the air before it
reaches the lungs.

A

Nasal Cavity

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36
Q

which prevents food from entering the airway
during swallowing.

A

epiglottis

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37
Q

carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. It is lined with
cilia and mucus to trap particles and move them
out of the respiratory tract.

A

Trachea

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38
Q

allows air to reach all parts of the lungs.

A

Bronchial Tree

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39
Q

further divide into alveolar ducts and alveoli.

A

bronchioles

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40
Q

the first branches of the trachea that lead into the
lungs.

A

Primary Bronchus

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41
Q

These are smaller branches of the bronchial tree that lead into the alveolar ducts.

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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42
Q

These are thin tubes that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the
alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar Duct

43
Q

These are clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the
air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries.

A

Alveolar Sac

44
Q

tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

45
Q

These are small blood vessels that surround the alveoli.

46
Q

They facilitate
the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.

47
Q

These are small veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the heart.

A

Pulmonary Venue

48
Q

These are small arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood from
the heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

A

Pulmonary Arteriole

49
Q

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles
play a crucial role in breathing.

A

Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles

50
Q

Breathing is regulated by the respiratory center in the
brainstem, which responds to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the
blood.

A

Respiratory Control

51
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting the Airway

A
  • ASTHMA
  • CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
  • EMPHYSEMA
  • CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
  • ACUTE BRONCHITIS
  • CYSTIC FIBROSIS
52
Q

A chronic inflammatory illness that obstructs or narrows the airways
due to mucus buildup or inflammation.

53
Q

Shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, and a dry cough are
among the symptoms

54
Q

An umbrella term for a number of respiratory conditions that result in
dyspnea, or the inability to exhale normally.

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

55
Q

Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing up sputum (mucus
from lungs).

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

56
Q

Two Types of COPD

A

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

57
Q

Occurs when the small air sacs in the lungs lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lungs’ ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.

58
Q

This condition can result in low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia) and the
accumulation of harmful waste products.

59
Q

This form of COPD brings a long-term wet cough.

A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

60
Q

Characterized by inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes,
leading to breathing difficulties and excessive mucus production.

A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

61
Q

This sudden infection of your airways is usually caused by a virus.

A

ACUTE BRONCHITIS

62
Q

Inflammation causes increased mucus production.

A

ACUTE BRONCHITIS

63
Q

Windpipe (bronchial tube) gets irritated or inflamed.

A

ACUTE BRONCHITIS

64
Q

A genetic respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that creates thick and sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and passageways.

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

65
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting the Air Sacs (Alveoli)

A
  • PNEUMONIA
  • TUBERCULOSIS
  • EMPHYSEMA
  • PULMONARY EDEMA
  • LUNG CANCER
  • ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
  • PNEUMONOCONIOSIS
66
Q

An infection of your alveoli, usually by bacteria or viruses, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

67
Q

Symptoms, which include cough, fever, shaking chills and shortness of
breath, can range from mild to severe.

68
Q

Pneumonia that slowly gets worse.

A

TUBERCULOSIS

69
Q

Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

TUBERCULOSIS

70
Q

spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or sings, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria.

A

TUBERCULOSIS

71
Q

Stages of Tuberculosis

A

◆ Primary Tuberculosis Infection
◆ Latent Tuberculosis Infection
◆ Active Tuberculosis Infection

72
Q

The first stage of a tuberculosis infection.

A

Primary Tuberculosis Infection

73
Q

In this stage, TB pathogens are present, however, they
are being suppressed by the immune system.

A

Latent Tuberculosis Infection

74
Q

Happens when the immune system cannot suppress the
infection anymore.

A

Active Tuberculosis Infection

75
Q

Happens when the fragile links between alveoli are damaged.

76
Q

A condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs.

A

PULMONARY EDEMA

77
Q

Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of your lung into the air sacs
and the area around them.

A

PULMONARY EDEMA

78
Q

Abnormal growth of cells in the lungs.

A

LUNG CANCER

79
Q

It most often happens in the main part of your lung, in or near the air
sacs

A

LUNG CANCER

80
Q

severe lung condition characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs,
leading to fluid accumulation in the air sacs (alveoli).

A

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

81
Q

Causes low blood oxygen.

A

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

82
Q

Any lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic or nonorganic airborne dust and fibers.

A

PNEUMONOCONIOSIS

83
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting the Interstitium

A
  • INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
    *Pneumonia or pulmonary edema
84
Q

An umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.

A

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

85
Q

The scarring causes stiffness in the lungs which makes it difficult to
breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream.

A

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

86
Q

can also affect the interstitium.

A

Pneumonia or pulmonary edema

87
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting Blood Vessels

A
  • PULMONARY EMBOLISM
  • PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
88
Q

A sudden blockage in your pulmonary arteries, the blood vessels that
send blood to your lungs.

A

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

89
Q

A blood clot (usually in a deep leg vein, called deep vein thrombosis)
breaks off, travels to your heart, and gets pumped into your lungs.

A

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

90
Q

A condition that affects the blood vessels in the lungs.

A

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

91
Q

It develops when the blood pressure in your lungs is higher than normal.

A

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

92
Q

makes the heart work harder than normal to pump blood into the lungs.

A

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

93
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting the Pleura

A
  • PLEURAL EFFUSION
  • PNEUMOTHORAX
  • MESOTHELIOMA
94
Q

A collection of fluid between the lung and the chest wall in what’s
called the pleural space.

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

95
Q

A collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity.

A

PNEUMOTHORAX

96
Q

Air may get into the space between your chest wall and the lung,
collapsing the lung.

A

PNEUMOTHORAX

97
Q

This is a rare form of cancer that forms on the pleura.

A

MESOTHELIOMA

98
Q

a tends to happen several decades after you come into
contact with asbestos

A

MESOTHELIOMA

99
Q

Lung Diseases Affecting the Chest Wall

A
  • OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME
100
Q

A respiratory consequence of morbid obesity that is characterized by
alveolar hypoventilation during sleep and wakefulness.

A

OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME

101
Q

Other Lung Disease

A

INFLUENZA (FLU)

102
Q

is caused by germs or viruses that infect the nose, throat
and lungs.

A

INFLUENZA (FLU)

103
Q

These germs or viruses spread when people with flu cough, sneeze or
talk, sending tiny droplets (small water balls) with the virus into the
air.

A

INFLUENZA (FLU)

104
Q

There is no cure for ________. The body takes care of the virus.

GEN BIO | 4th Quarter (5 decks)

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