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Microbiology > Organism(s)/Treatment(s) > Flashcards

Organism(s)/Treatment(s) Flashcards

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1
Q

S. aureus

A
  • Nafcillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin. also first generation cephalosporins (MSSA)
  • Vancomycin (MRSA).
  • Quinupristin/dalfopristin (VRSA)
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2
Q

S. epidermidis

A

Vancomycin

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3
Q

S. saprophyticus

A
  • TMP-SMX

- Fluoroquinolones

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4
Q

S. pneumoniae

A
  • Macrolides (Pneumonia)
  • Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime (meningitis). Vancomycin for resistant strains
  • Amoxicillin, erythromycin (otitis media and sinusitis)
  • Vaccination
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5
Q

S. mutans, S. mitis, and S. sanguis

A

Penicillin G with aminoglycosides for endocarditis

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6
Q

S. pyogenes

A
  • Beta-lactam drugs

- Macrolides

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7
Q

S. agalactiae

A
  • Ampicillin with an aminoglycoside

- Cephalosporins

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8
Q

S. bovis

A
  • Penicillin G

- Ceftriaxone

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9
Q

Enterococci (E. faecalis and E. faecium)

A
  • Ampicillin and aminoglycoside
  • Vancomycin
  • Linezolid or quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) for VRE
  • Nitrofurantoin for VRE UTIs
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10
Q

B. anthracis

A
  • Ciprofloxacin

- Human vaccine only for at risk population

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11
Q

B. cereus

A

Self-limiting

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12
Q

C. tetani

A
  • Hyperimmune human globulin (TIG) to neutralize toxin plus metronidazole or penicillin (actual tetanus)
  • Spasmolytic drugs (diazepam), debride and delay closure
  • Vaccination
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13
Q

C. botulinum

A
  • Respiratory support
  • Usually no antibiotic required
  • Trivalent (A-B-E) antitoxin (Adult)
  • Hypperimmune human serum (Infant)
  • Amoxicillin and antitoxin with debridement and no closure (wound)
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14
Q

C. perfringens

A
  • Debridement, delay closure with clindamycin and penicillin, hyperbaric chamber (gangrene)
  • Self-limiting (food poisoning)
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15
Q

C. difficile

A
  • Discontinue antibiotic (mild)

- Metronidazole (severe). vancomycin just if no other drug available to avoid selecting for VR normal flora

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16
Q

C. diphtheriae

A
  • Erythromycin and antitoxin
  • Penicillin and aminoglycoside for 4-6 weeks (endocarditis)
  • Vaccination
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17
Q

L. monocytogenes

A

Ampicillin

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18
Q

Nocardia

A

TMP-SMX

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19
Q

Actinomyces

A

Penicillin

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20
Q

M. tuberculosis

A
  • First 2 months: isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol
  • Next 4 months: isoniazid and rifampin
  • Ethambutol and streptomycin added for possible drug resistant cases until susceptibility tests are back
  • Isoniazid for 9 months can prevent TB in persons with infection but no clinical symptoms
  • BCG vaccine (Not used in U.S.)
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21
Q

M. leprae

A
  • Dapsone and rifampin (tuberculoid)

- Clofazimine is added for lepromatous form

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22
Q

M. avium intracellulare

A

Macrolide plus ethambutol

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23
Q

M. kansasii

A

Macrolide plus ethambutol

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24
Q

M. scrofulaceum

A

Surgery

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25
Q

M. marinum

A
  • Isoniazid

- Rifampin or ethambutol

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26
Q

M. catarrhalis

A
  • Amoxicillin + clavulanate
  • Second or third generation cephalosporin
  • TMP-SMX
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27
Q

P. mirabilis

A
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • TMP-SMX
  • Third generation cephalosporin
  • Remove stones if present
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28
Q

P. vulgaris

A
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • TMP-SMX
  • Third generation cephalosporin
  • Remove stones if present
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29
Q

N. gonorrhoeae

A
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Test for C. trachomatis or treat with doxycycline
  • Silver nitrate or erythromycin eye ointment at birth
  • Ceftriaxone plus azithromycin and laparoscopy lysis of adhesions may be performed for refractory pain (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome)
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30
Q

N. meningitidis

A
  • Ceftriaxone or penicillin G

- Rifampin, ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone (prophylaxis)

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31
Q

H. influenzae

A
  • Amoxicillin +/- clavulanate (mucosal infections)
  • Ceftriaxone (meningitis)
  • Rifampin (prophylaxis)
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32
Q

H. ducreyi

A

Erythromycin

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33
Q

B. pertussis

A
  • Supportive care
  • If less than 6 months old, hospitalization and erythromycin for 14 days including household contacts
  • Macrolides can also be given
  • Vaccination
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34
Q

L. pneumophila

A

Erythromycin

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35
Q

P. aeruginosa

A
  • Aminoglycoside with antipseudomonal penicillin such as piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) or ticaricillin/sulbactam (Timentin)
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Third/fourth generation cephalosporins ceftazidime, cefoperazone, and cefipime
  • Carbapenems
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36
Q

E. coli

A
  • Fluoroquinolones or sulfonamides (UTIs)
  • Ceftriaxone (Neonatal septicemia/meningitis)
  • Fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporin
  • Rehydration, TMP-SMX (ETEC)
  • Beta-lactams (EPEC)
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37
Q

K. pneumoniae

A
  • Third generation cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside
  • Fluoroquinolones also can be used
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38
Q

C. jejuni

A

Supportive care

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39
Q

S. typhi

A

Fluoroquinolones or Third generation cephalosporins

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40
Q

S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium

A
  • Self-limiting

- Ampicillin, Fluoroquinolones, Third generation cephalosporins, or TMP-SMX (Invasive disease)

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41
Q

S. paratyphi

A

Fluoroquinolones or Third generation cephalosporins

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42
Q

Shigella

A
  • Supportive care

- Fluoroquinolones or TMP-SMX for severe cases

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43
Q

V. cholerae

A
  • Fluid and electrolyte replacement

- Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin shorten the course and reduce carriage

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44
Q

V. parahemolyticus

A

Self-limiting

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45
Q

V. vulnificus

A
  • Self-limiting

- Tetracycline or third generation cephalosporin (cellulitis)

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46
Q

Y. enterocolitica

A
  • Supportive care

- Fluoroquinolones or Third generation cephalosporins (IC patients)

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47
Q

Y. pestis

A
  • Aminoglycosides

- Killed vaccine (military)

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48
Q

H. pylori

A
  • Omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin for 10-14 days

- PPI + bismuth + metronidazole + tetracycline

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49
Q

L. interrogans

A
  • Penicillin G

- Doxycycline (prophylaxis)

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50
Q

B. burgdorferi

A
  • Doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin/clarithromycin (primary)
  • Ceftriaxone (secondary)
  • Doxycycline or ceftriaxone for arthritis
  • Vaccination (OspA flagellar antigen) not used in U.S.
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51
Q

B. recurrentis

A

Penicillin or tetracycline

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52
Q

T. pallidum

A
  • Benzathine penicillin for prophylaxis, primary and secondary syphilis
  • Penicillin G for congenital and late syphilis
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53
Q

B. henselae

A
  • Azithromycin

- Doxycycline

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54
Q

P. multocida

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanate for Rx and prophylaxis of most bites (human included) along with thorough cleaning

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55
Q

G. vaginalis

A

Metronidazole or clindamycin

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56
Q

E. corrodens

A
  • Third generation cephalosporin

- Fluoroquinolones

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57
Q

C. canimorsus

A
  • Third generation cephalosporin

- Fluoroquinolones

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58
Q

HACEK group infections

A
  • Third generation cephalosporin

- Fluoroquinolones

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59
Q

B. fragilis

A
  • Surgical drainage of abscesses

- Metronidazole, clindamycin or cefoxitin

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60
Q

F. tularensis

A

Streptomycin

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61
Q

Brucella spp.

A
  • Adults: rifampin and doxycycline for 6 weeks

- Children: rifampin and cotrimoxazole

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62
Q

R. rickettsii

A

Doxycycline

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63
Q

R. akari

A

Doxycycline

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64
Q

R. prowazekii

A

Doxycycline

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65
Q

R. typhi

A

Doxycycline

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66
Q

O. tsutsugamushi

A

Doxycycline

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67
Q

C. burnetii

A

Doxycycline

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68
Q

E. chafeensis

A

Doxycycline

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69
Q

E. phagocytophila

A

Doxycycline

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70
Q

Anaplasma spp.

A

Doxycycline

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71
Q

C. trachomatis

A

Doxycycline or azithromycin

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72
Q

C. pneumoniae

A

Macrolides and tetracycline

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73
Q

C. psittaci

A

Doxycycline

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74
Q

M. pneumoniae

A

Erythromycin, azithromycin or clarithromycin

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75
Q

U. urealyticum

A

Erythromycin or tetracycline

76
Q

H. capsulatum

A
  • Fluconazole or itraconazole (mild or local)

- Amphotericin B (severe or systemic)

77
Q

C. immitis

A
  • Fluconazole or itraconazole (mild or local)

- Amphotericin B (severe or systemic)

78
Q

B. dermatitidis

A
  • Fluconazole or itraconazole (mild or local)

- Amphotericin B (severe or systemic)

79
Q

A. fumigatus

A
  • Voriconazole (invasive and aspergilloma)

- Glucocorticoid + itraconazole (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)

80
Q

C. albicans

A
  • Topical or oral imidazoles or nystatin (local)

- Amphotericin B or fluconazole (disseminated)

81
Q

C. neoformans

A

Amphotericin B + flucytocine until afebrile and culture -ve (minimum of 10 weeks) then fluconazole

82
Q

Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia

A

Debridement of necrotic tissues and rapidly start amphotericin B

83
Q

P. jirovecii

A
  • TMP-SMX for mild

- Dapsone for moderate to severe

84
Q

M. furfur

A

Topical selenium sulfide

85
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • Topical imidazoles or tolnaftate
  • Oral imidazoles or griseofulvin where hairs are infected or skin contact hurts
  • Keep areas dry
86
Q

S. schenckii

A

Itraconazole or amphotericin B

87
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis

A
  • Fluconazole or itraconazole (mild or local)

- Amphotericin B (severe or systemic)

88
Q

G. lamblia

A

Metronidazole

89
Q

E. histolytica

A
  • Metronidazole

- Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

90
Q

Cryptosporidium spp. (C. parvum)

A
  • Self-limiting

- Nitazoxanide (IC patients)

91
Q

I. belli

A
  • TMP-SMX

- Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine

92
Q

C. cayetanesis

A

Trimethoprim

93
Q

Microsporidia spp.

A

None proven to be effective

94
Q

T. vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

95
Q

T. gondii

A

Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine

96
Q

N. fowleri

A

Amphotericin B (rarely successful)

97
Q

T. brucei

A
  • Suramin

- Melarsoprol for CNS

98
Q

Acanthamoeba

A
  • Topical miconazole and propamidine isethionate (keratitis)

- Ketoconazole or sulfamethazine (granulomatous amebic encephalitis) which is rarely successful

99
Q

P. vivax

A

Chloroquine PO4 then primaquine

100
Q

P. ovale

A

Chloroquine PO4 then primaquine

101
Q

P. malarie

A

Chloroquine PO4

102
Q

P. falciparum

A
  • Chloroquine PO4
  • Mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil (in resistant cases)
  • Quinine sulfate + pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (in resistant cases)
  • Quinidine or artesunate (in life-threatening)
103
Q

T. cruzi

A

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

104
Q

L. donovanii

A

Stibogluconate sodium or Amphotericin B

105
Q

L. braziliensis

A

Stibogluconate sodium or Amphotericin B

106
Q

Leishmania spp.

A

Stibogluconate sodium or Amphotericin B

107
Q

B. microti

A
  • Atovaquone + azithromycin

- Clindamycin + quinine

108
Q

E. vermicularis

A
  • Pyrantel or mebendazole

- Treat entire family with albendazole

109
Q

A. lumbricoides

A
  • Supportive therapy during pneumonitis
  • Surgery for ectopic migrations
  • Mebendazole
110
Q

T. canis or cati

A
  • Self-limiting in most cases

- Mebendazole or albendazole

111
Q

T. trichiura

A

Albendazole

112
Q

S. stercoralis

A

Thiabendazole or ivermectine

113
Q

T. spiralis

A

Steroids for severe symptoms + mebendazole or albendazole

114
Q

A. braziliense and caninum

A
  • Thiabendazole
  • Pyrantel pamoate
  • Topical corticosteroids
115
Q

N. americanus

A

Mebendazole and iron therapy (albendazole)

116
Q

W. bancrofti

A
  • Surgery

- Ivermectine and diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

117
Q

B. malayi

A
  • Surgery

- Ivermectine and diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

118
Q

Loa Loa

A
  • Surgery

- Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

119
Q

O. volvulus

A
  • Surgery

- Ivermectine and diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

120
Q

D. medinensis

A
  • Slow cautious removal of worms with stick

- Albendazole

121
Q

T. Solium

A
  • Praziquantel

- Surgery in some sites

122
Q

T. saginata

A

Praziquantel

123
Q

D. latum

A

Praziquantel

124
Q

E. granulosus

A
  • Surgery

- Albendazole

125
Q

E. multilocularis

A

Surgical resection

126
Q

S. mansoni and japonicum

A

Praziquantel

127
Q

S. haematobium

A

Praziquantel

128
Q

Non-human schistosomes

A
  • Trimeprazine
  • Calamine
  • Sedatives
129
Q

C. sinensis

A

Praziquantel

130
Q

F. hepatica

A

Praziquantel

131
Q

F. buski

A

Praziquantel

132
Q

P. westermani

A

Praziquantel

133
Q

S. scabiei

A
  • Permethrin cream
  • Washing/drying all clothing/bedding
  • Treat close contacts
134
Q

P. humanus and P. pubis

A
  • Pyrethroids, malathion, or ivermectin lotion

- Nit combing

135
Q

B19

A

Supportive care

136
Q

HPV

A
  • Cryotherapy, electrocautery, or chemical means (salicylic acid)
  • Imiquimod (induces proinflammatory cytokines), interferon-alpha, and virus specific cidofovir
  • Vaccination
137
Q

BK

A

Supportive care

138
Q

JC

A

Supportive care

139
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • Supportive care

- Vaccination

140
Q

HBV

A
  • INF-alpha
  • Adefovir
  • Tenofovir
  • Lamivudine
  • Vaccination
  • Anti-HBsAg Ig
141
Q

HSV-1 and HSV-2

A
  • Acyclovir

- Famciclovir, valacyclovir, and penciclovir (if acyclovir resistant)

142
Q

VZV

A
  • Oral acyclovir
  • IV acyclovir (IC patients)
  • Vaccination
  • VZIG for post-exposure prophylaxis of IC
143
Q

EBV

A

Supportive care

144
Q

CMV

A
  • Supportive care

- Ganciclovir/foscarnet +/- human Ig (IC patients)

145
Q

HHV-6

A

Supportive care

146
Q

HHV-8

A

None

147
Q

Variola

A

Supportive care

148
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A
  • Self-limiting

- Ritonavir or cidofovir (IC patients)

149
Q

Norwalk virus and Noro-like virus

A

Self-limiting

150
Q

Hepatitis E virus

A

None

151
Q

Polio

A

Vaccination

152
Q

Coxsackie A

A

None

153
Q

Coxsackie B

A

None

154
Q

Enterovirus 71

A

None

155
Q

Echoviruses

A

None

156
Q

Rhinoviruses

A

None

157
Q

HAV

A

Vaccination and hyperimmune serum

158
Q

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE)

A

None

159
Q

West Nile encephalitis virus (WNV)

A

None

160
Q

Dengue virus

A

None

161
Q

Yellow fever virus (YFV)

A

Vaccination

162
Q

HCV

A
  • Supportive care

- INF-alpha + ribavirin

163
Q

Eastern, Western and Venazuelan equine encephalitis viruses (EEE, WEE, VEE)

A

Vaccination for EEE and WEE

164
Q

Rubella virus

A

Vaccination

165
Q

Coronavirus

A

Supportive care

166
Q

SARS-CoV

A
  • Supportive care

- Ribavirin and INF are promising

167
Q

Measles virus

A
  • Supportive care
  • Ribavirin
  • Vaccination
168
Q

Mumps virus

A
  • Supportive care

- Vaccination

169
Q

Parainfluenza virus

A

Supportive care

170
Q

RSV

A
  • Ribavirin and anti-RSV Abs

- Palivizumab

171
Q

Human metapneumovirus (MNV)

A

Supportive care

172
Q

Rabies virus

A
  • If symptoms are evident: none
  • If suspect post-exposure prophylaxis
    • One dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (hRIG)
    • Five doses of rabies vaccine (day of, 3, 7, 14, 28)
  • Vaccination
173
Q

Ebola and Marburg viruses

A
  • Supportive care

- Quarantine

174
Q

Influenza A virus

A
  • Amantadine/rimantadine
  • Zanamivir/oseltamivir
  • Vaccination
175
Q

Influenza B virus

A
  • Amantadine/rimantadine
  • Zanamivir/oseltamivir
  • Vaccination
176
Q

California and LaCrosse encephalitis viruses

A

Serology

177
Q

Hantavirus

A

RT-PCR

178
Q

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

A
  • Supportive care

- Ribavirin

179
Q

Lassa fever virus

A
  • Supportive care

- Ribavirin

180
Q

Reovirus

A

Self-limiting

181
Q

Rotavirus

A

Vaccination

182
Q

Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)

A

Supportive care

183
Q

HIV

A
  • RT inhibitors
  • Nucleoside or non-nucleoside analogs
  • Protease inhibitors
  • Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) which includes 2 nucleoside analogs and 1 protease inhibitor
  • Fusion inhibitors (Fuzeon, enfuvirtide)
  • CCR5 co-receptor antagonist (Maraviroc)
  • Integrase inhibitor (Raltegravir)
184
Q

HTLV-1

A

None

185
Q

HTLV-2

A

None

186
Q

Hepatitis D virus

A

None

187
Q

Zika virus

A

Supportive care

Microbiology (8 decks)

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