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General microbiology/Organism(s) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Obligate aerobes

A 
Nocardia
P. aeruginosa
M. tuberculosis
Bacillus 
C. diphtheriae
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2
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium species

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
M. leprae
Coxiella

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4
Q

Facultative intracellular

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

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5
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A 
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae(Hib)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli
Salmonella
K. pneumoniae
group B streptococci (S. agalactae)
Also B. pertussis, B. anthracis, Cryptococcus neoformans (fungus)
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6
Q

Catalase positive

A

Pseudomonus, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, S. aureus, Serratia, B cepacia, H pylori

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7
Q

Urease positive

A

Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

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8
Q

Yellow sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces Israelii

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9
Q

Yellow pigment

A

S. aureus

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10
Q

Blue-green pigment (pyocyanin, fluorescein)

A

P. aeruginosa

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11
Q

Red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

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12
Q

Thioglycolate medium

A

Anaerobes

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13
Q

Loffler’s coagulated serum medium (S)

A

Corynebacterium

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14
Q

Tellurite agar (D)

A

Corynebacterium

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15
Q

Eosin methylene blue (D)

A

Enteric bacteria

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16
Q

MacConkeys agar (D)

A

Enteric bacteria

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17
Q

Hektoen enteric agar (D)

A

Enteric pathogens

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18
Q

Xylose-lysine-deoxychocolate agar

A

Enteric pathogens

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19
Q

TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts)

A

Vibrio cholerae

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20
Q

Sucrose agar (S)

A

Vibrio cholerae

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21
Q

Charcoal-yeast extract agar (CYE) (S)

A

Legionella

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22
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen medium (S)

A

Mycobacterium

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23
Q

Chocolate agar

A

Neisseria from normally sterile sites & Haemophilus

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24
Q

Thayer-Martin selective medium (S) (Chocolate agar with vancomycin, nystatin, & colistin or polymyxin)

A

Neisseria from sites with normal flora

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25
Q

Bordet-Gengom (potato) agar

A

B. pertussis

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26
Q

Eaton’s agar

A

M. pneumoniae

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27
Q

Sabouraud’s agar

A

Fungi

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28
Q

Campy medium or Skirrow agar (S)

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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29
Q

Bugs that do not Gram stain well

A

Treponema, Leptospira (Too thin to be visualized)
Mycobacteria (Cell wall has high lipid content)
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (No cell Wall)
Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma (Intracellular, Also Chlamydia lacks peptidoglycan due to decreased muramic acid)

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30
Q

Giemsa Stain

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia,Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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31
Q

Periodic acid-Schiff stain

A

Tropheryma whipplei (glycogen in the mucopolysaccharides) Whipple disease

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32
Q

Zeihl-Neelsen stain (carbol fuchsin)

A

Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Cryptosporidium oocytes

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33
Q

India Ink stain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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34
Q

Silver stain

A

Fungi (e.g. Coccidioides, Pneumocytsis jirovecii), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori

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35
Q

Fluorescent Antibody stain

A

Identify many bacteria and viruses (FTA-ABS for confirming syphilis)

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36
Q

In vivo biofilm producing bacteria

A

S. epidermidis
Viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguinis)
P. aeruginosa
Nontypeable (Unencapsulated) H. influenza

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37
Q

Spore-forming bacteria

A 
Bacillus anthrax
Bacillus cereus
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. difficile 
C. perfringens
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38
Q

Black to gray pigment

A

C. diphtheriae

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39
Q

Metachromatic staining

A

Corynebacterium

40
Q

Lancet-shaped diplococci

A

S. pneumonae

41
Q

Kidney bean-shaped diplococci

A

Neisseriae

42
Q

Bipolar staining

A

Yersinia pestis

43
Q

Gulls wings

A

Campylobacter

44
Q

Microaeophilic

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

45
Q

Oxidase positive

A 
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
Neisseriae
Moraxella
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacter pylori
Campylobacter jejuni
Legionella pneumophila
46
Q

Oxidase negative

A

All Enterobacteriaceae

47
Q

Coagulase positive

A

S. aureus

Y. pestis

48
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A 
COBEDS
Cholera toxin
O antigen of Salmonella 
Botulinum toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes
Diphtheria toxin
Shiga toxin
49
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Neisseria gonorrhea (pili)
Borrelia recurrentis
Trypanosoma brucei
HIV

50
Q

Heat stable toxins

A

S. aureus enterotoxin, ST toxin of E. coli, Y. enterocolitica toxin (60 C)
Endotoxins (100 C)

51
Q

All capsules

A

Anti-phagocytic

52
Q

Slime layer (capsule or glycocalyx)

A

Anti-phagocytic (Pseudomonas)

53
Q

M protein

A

Anti-phagocytic (Group A Streptococci)

54
Q

A protein

A

Inhibits opsonization (S. aureus)

55
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

Attachment to host cells (All gram +ve bacteria)

56
Q

Pili

A

Anti-phagocytic (N. gonorrhea)

57
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Hydrolysis of ground substance (Group A Streptococci)

58
Q

Collagenase

A

Hydrolysis of collagen (C. perfringens, Prevotella melaninogenica)

59
Q

Kinases

A

Hydrolysis of fibrin (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus)

60
Q

Lecithinase (alpha toxin)

A

Damage to membrane (C. perfringens)

61
Q

Heparinase

A

May contribute to thrombophlebitis (Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella melaninogenica)

62
Q

IgA proteases

A

Colonizing factor (Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae)

63
Q

Obligate intracellular Protozoa

A 
Plasmodium
Toxoplasma gondii
Babesia
Leishmania
Trypanosoma cruzi (amastigotes in cardiac muscle)
64
Q

Bacteria that have humans as the only reservoir

A 
M. tuberculosis and leprae
Shigella species
Salmonella typhi
Ricketssia prowazekii (epidemic typhus)
Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrheae
S. pneumoniae and pyogenes 
C. diphtheriae 
T. pallidum
Chlamydia trachomatis
65
Q

Infections that cross the placenta

A 
TORCHes
Toxoplasma
Others (Coxsackie B, Polio, B19, Listeria)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes, Hepatitis B and HIV
Syphilis
66
Q

Transmitted by contact (person to person) Nonsexual

A 
Impetigo (Strep and Staph)
Staphylococcus 
Herpes I
EB (kissing)
Hepatitis B (all body fluids)
Molluscum contagiosum (wrestling teams)
67
Q

Transmitted by contact (person to person) Sexual

A

Chlamydia, Neisseria, Treponema, Trichomonas

HPV, HIV, HSV 2, CMV, HBV, HCV

68
Q

Infections causing Intracerebral calcification

A 
Toxoplasma
CMV
Cysticercosis
Cryptococcus neoformans 
Tuberculous meningitis
69
Q

CAMP test

A

S. agalactiae carriers

70
Q

Elek test

A

Toxin producing C. diphtheriae strains

71
Q

Weil-Felix test

A

Rickettsia (with Proteus strain OX antigens)

72
Q

X factor and V factor required for growth

A

Haemophilus

73
Q

Cholesterol required for growth

A

Mycoplasma

74
Q

Salt required for growth

A

S. aureus on high salt media
Group D enterococci on 6.5% NaCl
Vibrio requires NaCl to grow and grows at 6.5%

75
Q

Cysteine required for growth

A

Francisella
Legionella
Brucella
Pasteurella

76
Q

Toxoid (chemically modified toxin) Vaccines

A

Tetanus
Diphtheria
Pertussis toxoid (in DTaP)

77
Q

Sub-unit Vaccines

A

Haemophilus (purified capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein)
N. meningitidis (capsular polysaccharides, pediatric version is conjugated to protein)
Pneumococcal (capsular polysaccharide (7 and 23 serotypes) pediatric version is conjugated to protein)

78
Q

Recombinant Vaccines

A

Hepatitis B - HBsAg (produced in yeast)

Human papilloma virus vaccine (4 capsid proteins)

79
Q

Exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis

A

C. diphtheriae (Diphtheria toxin)
P. aeruginosa (Exotoxin A) [Both inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)]
Shigella spp. (Shiga toxin [ST])
EHEC (Shiga-like toxin [SLT]) [Both inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA]

80
Q

Exotoxins that increase fluid secretion

A 
ETEC (Heat-labile toxin [LT] which overactivates adenylate cyclase leading to increase cAMP and increase Cl secretion in gut and H2O efflux, Heat-stable [ST] which overactivates guanylate cyclase increasing cGMP and decreasing NaCl absorption and H20 in gut)
Bacillus anthracis (Edema toxin) increasing cAMP
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera toxin) which overactivates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating Gs)
81
Q

Exotoxins that inhibit phagocytic ability

A

B. pertussis (Pertussis toxin) which overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi impairing phagocytosis

82
Q

Exotoxins that inhibit release of neurotransmitter

A

C. tetani (Tetanospasmin)
C. botulinum (Botulinum toxin) both are proteases that cleave SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor), a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion

83
Q

Exotoxins that lyse cell membranes

A

C. perfringens (Alpha toxin) which is a phospholipase [lecithinase] that degrades tissue and cell membrane
S. pyogenes (Streptolysin O)

84
Q

Exotoxins that are superantigens and cause shock

A

S. aureus (Toxic shock syndrome toxin [TSST-1]
S. pyogenes (Exotoxin A) Both bind to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gama, and TNF-alpha leading to shock

85
Q

Lactose formers

A

CEEK

  • Citrobacter
  • Enterobacter
  • E. coli (K1 capsule most important)
  • Klebsiella
86
Q

Non lactose formers

A

SHYPS

  • Shigella (Motile and make H2S)
  • Yersinia enterolytica aka pestis (Motile and make H2S)
  • Proteus (non-motile and no H2S)
  • Salmonella (non-motile and no H2S)
87
Q

May lack color microscopically

A
  • Treponema
  • Rickettsia
  • Mycobacterium
  • Mycoplasma
  • Legionella
  • Chlamydia
88
Q

Increase cAMP

A

CAPE

  • Cholera
  • B. anthracis (poly D-glutamate capsule)
  • B. pertussis (via Gi)
  • E. coli (LT enterotoxin)
89
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A
  • Coccidioides
  • Aspergillus
  • Histoplasma
  • Blastomyces
  • Sporothrix schenckii
90
Q

Wayson’s stain

A

Yersinia

91
Q

Invasins

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

92
Q

Vincent’s trench mouth

A

Fusobacterium

93
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • Treponema
  • Borrelia
  • Leptospira
94
Q

Non motile G+ve rods

A

C. diphtheriae and Nocardia

95
Q

Acid fast organisms

A
  • Mycobacterium
  • Cryptospordium
  • Nocardia (partial)
  • Legionella micadei
  • Isospora
96
Q

Bacterial morphology

A
  • Pneumococci (lancet shaped diplococci)
  • Neisseria (kidney shaped diplococci)
  • Camphylobacter (gulls’ wings/comas)
  • V. cholerae (coma shaped)
  • C. diphtheriae (club shaped)
  • Yersinia (safety pin)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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