Organisations

Question 1

Bolman & Deal 2008

4 Frames for Organisations

Answer 1

1. Structural - (machine), rules, roles, goals, policies
2. Symbolic - (temple), culture, stories, heroes and heroines
3. Political - (jungle), power, conflict
4. Human resource - (family), needs, skills, relationships

Question 2

Weick 1976

Answer 2

Schools are loosely-coupled systems

Question 3

Hanna 1997

Answer 3

Organisations are open systems that react in different ways with their environment.  They have:
Boundaries
Purpose/goals
Input, throughput, output
Feedback (evaluation/inspection)
Environment (the market)

Question 4

Tuohy & Coghlan 1997

Answer 4

Schools are systems with levels

• individual
• face-to-face teams
• inter-departmental groups
• organisational level

Question 5

Morgan 2006

Answer 5

School as a brain metaphor

Question 6

West 1999

Micro-politics

Answer 6

Micropolitics in schools - teams with their own norms, cliques, subcultures

Question 7

Bush 2003

Micro-politics

Answer 7

Focus on group, not whole
Differences in values & aims
Stress on conflict in the organisation
Little agreement on goals
Decisions made through bargaining & negotiation
Power is key - decisions made by power holder

Question 8

Bush 2003

Collegiality

Answer 8

Normative - seen as the best way to manage
Appropriate to professional organisations
Common set of values
Works best in smaller organisations
Decision-making through consensus

Question 9

Handy & Aitken 1990

4 Cultures

Answer 9

Club culture - spider web with key leader in the centre
Task culture - a flexible net that responds to different scenarios
Role culture - set, logical roles for all
person culture - structure set up to support a few talented individuals