Leadership

Question 1

Leithwood et al 1999

Leadership types

Answer 1

Instructional - focus on learning of students, improving effectiveness of teachers
Transformational - building capacity of members of organization
Moral - importance of values, morally justified actions, important in some regions more than others
Participative - sharing of decision-making, leading to a more democratic school
Transactional/Managerial - formal, achievement of goals
Contingent/Situational

Question 2

Stogdill 1969

Answer 2

Trait theory
Leaders have certain innate traits (assertiveness, confidence, energetic etc.)
Great Man Theory

Question 3

Glatter 2006

Answer 3

Too much emphasis on leadership & management - time to look at the organisation rather than just people - schools are human organisations

Question 4

Blake & Mouton 1978

Answer 4

Managerial grid - concern for people v concern for task
Country club management
Team management
Produce or perish/authority & obedience management
Impoverished

Question 5

Tannenbaum & Schmidt 1973

Answer 5

Leadership continuum
Manager-centred leadership v Subordinate-centred leadership
Depends on leader’s personality & quality of workers

Question 6

Goleman 1998

Answer 6

EQ
Self awareness
Self regulation
Empathy
Social skills
Motivation

Question 7

Crawford 2007

Relationships

Answer 7

The core of a school lies in its relationships. Emotions are the language of relationships.

Question 8

Leithwood et al

Definition

Answer 8

Leadership can be defined as; who is exerting influence, what is influence exerted for, what are the outcomes?

Question 9

Yuki 1989

Answer 9

Leaders can be leaders without any formal office, and people with a formal leadership position may not necessarily lead

Question 10

Gronn 2003

Answer 10

Leadership practice stretched across a school

Question 11

Blanchard et al 2000

Situational leadership

Answer 11

Situational leadership model - leader encouraged to provide the right kind of leadership for a specific individual/group of individuals for a specific task

Question 12

Coleman 2002

Gender

Answer 12

Gender stereotypes suggest male leaders are assertive, confident, focused on tasks etc. whilst female leaders more focused on care, compassion, values etc. However, studies in England & Wales highlighted more male Headteachers as perceiving they demonstrated ‘female’ leadership characteristics.

Question 13

Coleman 1998

Answer 13

China - promotion of women in public, but in reality, leadership and management linked more to male roles

Question 14

Instructional leadership

Answer 14

Linked to the learning community
Focus on:
-Content & delivery of curriculum
-Quality of teaching & learning
-Monitoring & evaluation of resultant student learning
In PNG, staff other than principals demonstrated instructional leadership, but inspectors encouraged more admin tasks

Question 15

Bass & Avolio 1994

4 I’s of transformational leadership

Answer 15

1. Idealized influence - leaders are role models, followers emulate, considers the needs of others above self, high ethical & moral values
2. Inspirational motivation - inspire followers by providing meaning to work of others through development of a vision, team spirit & enthusiasm as the vision is communicated
3. Intellectual stimulation - encourage creativity & innovation and question status quo, positive and supportive environment - new ideas encouraged
4. Individualised consideration - coaching & mentoring are encouraged, leader listens to individual ideas

Question 16

Moral leadership

Bhindi & Duignan 1999

Answer 16

‘Moral’ is particularly important in education, can be adverse political factors (e.g. nepotism and government control), leads to more democratic leadership and environment

Question 17

Participative leadership

Answer 17

Far right of Tannenbaum Schmidt continuum, some overlap with moral leadership
Hallinger & Kantamara - Thailand - 2000
3 schools - reforms over 7 years, leadership v participative, leaders lead by example, teamwork & peer coaching encouraged, multiple strategies for resistant teachers

Question 18

Managerial/Transactional leadership

Answer 18

Frederic Taylor US - scientific management
Structures & procedures are important, bureaucratic & hierarchical, one key leader at apex, strong leadership.
Efficiency over values, bottom right of Blake & Mouton grid (task culture), making schools more businesslike.