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Biology🦋 > Organisation- Topic 2 > Flashcards

Organisation- Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What solution do you use for the test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

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2
Q

Method for test for sugars

A

1) transfer 5cm3 to a test tube
2) prepare a water bath of 75°c
3) add a pipette of Benedict’s solution
4) leave for 5 minutes

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3
Q

What is the result for a food which contains sugars

A

Blue—-> green/yellow/brick red

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4
Q

What solution used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

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5
Q

Method for the test for starch

A

-5cm3 of a food sample in the test tube
-iodine solution added

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6
Q

What is the colour change if starch is present in a food

A

Browny orange—-> black/blue

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7
Q

What solution is used for the test or protein

A

Biuret test

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8
Q

What is the method for the test for proteins

A

2cm3 of food sample in test tube
2cm3 biuret solution added

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9
Q

What is the colour change if protein is present in a food

A

Blue———> purple

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10
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Sudan III

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11
Q

Method for the test for lipids

A

5cm3 food into a test tube
3 drops of Sudan solution

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12
Q

Result if food contains a lipid

A

Mixture will separate into 2 layers
Top layer will be bright red

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13
Q

Method for preparing a food sample

A

-ground food in a pestle and mortar
-transfer to a beaker and add distilled water
-stir so the food dissolves
-filter using a filer funnel

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14
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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15
Q

What type of blood does the right ventricle pump to the lungs

A

Deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

What does the left ventricle do

A

Pumps oxygenated blood round to the organs, the red blood cells release the oxygen and it is given out to body cells, the blood then becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

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17
Q

What are the walls of the heart made up of

A

Muscle tissue

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18
Q

What are the purpose of valves

A

Prevents the back flow of blood

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19
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Left atrium

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20
Q

What is the first step of blood flow in the🫀

A

Blood flows into each atrium (atria for plural)

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21
Q

What is the name of the tube that delivers blood to the right atrium

A

Vena Cava

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22
Q

What is the name of the tube that delivers blood to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

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23
Q

What does the atria do

A

Pushes the blood into the left or right ventricle

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24
Q

What do the ventricles do

A

Contract, oxygenating the blood

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25
Q

Where is the blood pumped after the ventricles (on the right side)

A

To the pulmonary artery, leaves the heart

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26
Q

Where is the blood pumped after the ventricles (on the left side)

A

To the aorta, leaves the heart

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27
Q

What carried the blood to the organs

A

The arteries

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28
Q

What brings back deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

The veins

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29
Q

What are the names of the arteries that surround the heart

A

Coronary arteries

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30
Q

Purpose of coronary arteries?

A

To ensure the heart itself receives the oxygenated blood it needs to function

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31
Q

What are pacemakers

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium wall, send an electric current to cause the heart muscles to contract, ensuring the heart has a regular heart beat

32
Q

What happens when someone has an irregular heartbeat

A

An artificial pacemaker can be implanted, has a wire connected to the heart, sends an electric impulse to the muscle walls at a regular rate, causing the heart muscle to contract with a regular heartbeat

33
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

34
Q

What do arteries do

A

They carry blood being pumped away from the heart, thick and elastic walls, small lumen, walls have to be strong bc the heart pumps blood away at a high pressure

35
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Much smaller, virtually invisible, arteries branch out into capillaries, carry blood rly close to body cells, permeable walls so diffusion and exchange of material can happen, they carry food and oxygen and take away CO2 from body cells

36
Q

What do veins do

A

Capillaries eventually join up with veins, veins have a larger lumen, weaker walls, less blood pressure, bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart, contain valves to prevent blood backflow

37
Q

What is blood

A

A tissue

38
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

They carry oxygen

39
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc

40
Q

Structure of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus, larger SA to absorb oxygen, containing haemoglobin

41
Q

Purpose of white blood cells?

A

To defend and fight infection

42
Q

The process where a white blood cell changed shape to fight of a pathogen

A

Phagocytosis

43
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Fight pathogens, destroy

44
Q

What do antitoxins do

A

Neutralise toxins from pathogens and harmful bacteria

45
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus

A

No

46
Q

What do platelets do

A

They are a group of cells which aim to make blood clot, no nucleus, at wounds they group together to stop blood pouring out and to stop anything harmful getting in, form scabs etc

47
Q

What would a lack of platelets cause

A

Bruising
Excessive bleeding

48
Q

What does plasma do

A

Carries everything in the blood

49
Q

5 examples of what plasma carries

A

Antibodies and antitoxins
Red and white blood cells
Platelets
Hormones
Nutrients such as glucose or amino acids

50
Q

What areas of the body does cardiovascular disease concern

A

The heart and blood vessels

51
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of layers of fatty tissue and material

52
Q

What is the result of coronary heart disease

A

Blood flow is strained, less oxygen getting to the heart, can result in a heart attack

53
Q

What are stents

A

Physical tubes, inserted, opens up the coronary arteries, effective for a long time and have a quick recovery time

54
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs u can take to reduce the bad cholesterol in the blood, slows down and stops the risk of a build up of fatty tissue and material around the heart

55
Q

Advantages of artificial hearts

A

Less likely to be rejected by the patients body and immune system
Made from metals or plastics

56
Q

Disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

Lead to bleeding or infection
Risk of electrical motor failing
Blood does not flow as smoothly

57
Q

What can fault heart valves be replaced with

A

Biological or mechanical valves

58
Q

What are biological valves

A

Valves taken from humans or other mammals

59
Q

What are mechanical valves

A

Man-made valves

60
Q

Why would a heart valve need to be replaced

A

Valve tissue may have become stiffer
Leaky valve- blood flows in both directions

61
Q

Definition of health

A

The state of someones physical and mental wellbeing

62
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Can spread from person to person
Caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites

63
Q

Examples of communicable diseases

A

Measles
Malaria

64
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

Cannot spread
Last a long time
Damaging long time

65
Q

Examples of non communicable diseases

A

Asthma
Cancer

66
Q

Other factors that can affect ur health

A

Diet
Stress
Life situation

67
Q

What is a risk factor

A

Something that increases the likelihood that a person will develop a disease

68
Q

Examples of risk factors which directly cause disease

A

Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol
Exposure to certain substances or radiation

69
Q

What does smoking do to the body

A

Damages walls or arteries and lining of the lungs
Directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease or lung cancer

70
Q

What is cancer caused by

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of a cell

71
Q

What is a tumour

A

A mass of cancerous cells

72
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Stays in one place
Does not harm or invade other body tissue
Is not cancerous

73
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Tumour that spreads to healthy neighbouring tissue
Can form secondary tumours
Dangerous can be fatal
They are cancers

74
Q

What kind of cancer does obesity cause

A

Bowel, liver and kidney cancer
Can be easily prevented

75
Q

What kind of cancer does UV exposure cause

A

Skin cancer

Biology🦋 (8 decks)

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