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Biology🦋 > Organisation- Topic 2 > Flashcards

Organisation- Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What solution do you use for the test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

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2
Q

Method for test for sugars

A

1) transfer 5cm3 to a test tube
2) prepare a water bath of 75°c
3) add a pipette of Benedict’s solution
4) leave for 5 minutes

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3
Q

What is the result for a food which contains sugars

A

Blue—-> green/yellow/brick red

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4
Q

What solution used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

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5
Q

Method for the test for starch

A

-5cm3 of a food sample in the test tube
-iodine solution added

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6
Q

What is the colour change if starch is present in a food

A

Browny orange—-> black/blue

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7
Q

What solution is used for the test or protein

A

Biuret test

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8
Q

What is the method for the test for proteins

A

2cm3 of food sample in test tube
2cm3 biuret solution added

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9
Q

What is the colour change if protein is present in a food

A

Blue———> purple

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10
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Sudan III

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11
Q

Method for the test for lipids

A

5cm3 food into a test tube
3 drops of Sudan solution

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12
Q

Result if food contains a lipid

A

Mixture will separate into 2 layers
Top layer will be bright red

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13
Q

Method for preparing a food sample

A

-ground food in a pestle and mortar
-transfer to a beaker and add distilled water
-stir so the food dissolves
-filter using a filer funnel

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14
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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15
Q

What type of blood does the right ventricle pump to the lungs

A

Deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

What does the left ventricle do

A

Pumps oxygenated blood round to the organs, the red blood cells release the oxygen and it is given out to body cells, the blood then becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

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17
Q

What are the walls of the heart made up of

A

Muscle tissue

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18
Q

What are the purpose of valves

A

Prevents the back flow of blood

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19
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Left atrium

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20
Q

What is the first step of blood flow in the🫀

A

Blood flows into each atrium (atria for plural)

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21
Q

What is the name of the tube that delivers blood to the right atrium

A

Vena Cava

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22
Q

What is the name of the tube that delivers blood to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

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23
Q

What does the atria do

A

Pushes the blood into the left or right ventricle

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24
Q

What do the ventricles do

A

Contract, oxygenating the blood

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25
Where is the blood pumped after the ventricles (on the right side)
To the pulmonary artery, leaves the heart
26
Where is the blood pumped after the ventricles (on the left side)
To the aorta, leaves the heart
27
What carried the blood to the organs
The arteries
28
What brings back deoxygenated blood to the heart
The veins
29
What are the names of the arteries that surround the heart
Coronary arteries
30
Purpose of coronary arteries?
To ensure the heart itself receives the oxygenated blood it needs to function
31
What are pacemakers
A group of cells located in the right atrium wall, send an electric current to cause the heart muscles to contract, ensuring the heart has a regular heart beat
32
What happens when someone has an irregular heartbeat
An artificial pacemaker can be implanted, has a wire connected to the heart, sends an electric impulse to the muscle walls at a regular rate, causing the heart muscle to contract with a regular heartbeat
33
What are the three types of blood vessels
Arteries Capillaries Veins
34
What do arteries do
They carry blood being pumped away from the heart, thick and elastic walls, small lumen, walls have to be strong bc the heart pumps blood away at a high pressure
35
What do capillaries do
Much smaller, virtually invisible, arteries branch out into capillaries, carry blood rly close to body cells, permeable walls so diffusion and exchange of material can happen, they carry food and oxygen and take away CO2 from body cells
36
What do veins do
Capillaries eventually join up with veins, veins have a larger lumen, weaker walls, less blood pressure, bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart, contain valves to prevent blood backflow
37
What is blood
A tissue
38
What do red blood cells do
They carry oxygen
39
What is the shape of a red blood cells
Biconcave disc
40
Structure of a red blood cell
No nucleus, larger SA to absorb oxygen, containing haemoglobin
41
Purpose of white blood cells?
To defend and fight infection
42
The process where a white blood cell changed shape to fight of a pathogen
Phagocytosis
43
What do antibodies do
Fight pathogens, destroy
44
What do antitoxins do
Neutralise toxins from pathogens and harmful bacteria
45
Do white blood cells have a nucleus
No
46
What do platelets do
They are a group of cells which aim to make blood clot, no nucleus, at wounds they group together to stop blood pouring out and to stop anything harmful getting in, form scabs etc
47
What would a lack of platelets cause
Bruising Excessive bleeding
48
What does plasma do
Carries everything in the blood
49
5 examples of what plasma carries
Antibodies and antitoxins Red and white blood cells Platelets Hormones Nutrients such as glucose or amino acids
50
What areas of the body does cardiovascular disease concern
The heart and blood vessels
51
What is coronary heart disease
When the coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of layers of fatty tissue and material
52
What is the result of coronary heart disease
Blood flow is strained, less oxygen getting to the heart, can result in a heart attack
53
What are stents
Physical tubes, inserted, opens up the coronary arteries, effective for a long time and have a quick recovery time
54
What are statins
Drugs u can take to reduce the bad cholesterol in the blood, slows down and stops the risk of a build up of fatty tissue and material around the heart
55
Advantages of artificial hearts
Less likely to be rejected by the patients body and immune system Made from metals or plastics
56
Disadvantages of artificial hearts
Lead to bleeding or infection Risk of electrical motor failing Blood does not flow as smoothly
57
What can fault heart valves be replaced with
Biological or mechanical valves
58
What are biological valves
Valves taken from humans or other mammals
59
What are mechanical valves
Man-made valves
60
Why would a heart valve need to be replaced
Valve tissue may have become stiffer Leaky valve- blood flows in both directions
61
Definition of health
The state of someones physical and mental wellbeing
62
What are communicable diseases
Can spread from person to person Caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites
63
Examples of communicable diseases
Measles Malaria
64
What are non communicable diseases
Cannot spread Last a long time Damaging long time
65
Examples of non communicable diseases
Asthma Cancer
66
Other factors that can affect ur health
Diet Stress Life situation
67
What is a risk factor
Something that increases the likelihood that a person will develop a disease
68
Examples of risk factors which directly cause disease
Smoking Obesity Alcohol Exposure to certain substances or radiation
69
What does smoking do to the body
Damages walls or arteries and lining of the lungs Directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease or lung cancer
70
What is cancer caused by
The uncontrolled growth and division of a cell
71
What is a tumour
A mass of cancerous cells
72
What is a benign tumour
Stays in one place Does not harm or invade other body tissue Is not cancerous
73
What is a malignant tumour
Tumour that spreads to healthy neighbouring tissue Can form secondary tumours Dangerous can be fatal They are cancers
74
What kind of cancer does obesity cause
Bowel, liver and kidney cancer Can be easily prevented
75
What kind of cancer does UV exposure cause
Skin cancer

Biology🦋 (8 decks)

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