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Biology🦋 > Cell Biology-topic 1 > Flashcards

Cell Biology-topic 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Animal or plant cells

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria, smaller and more simple cells

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3
Q

What are the 5 structural components of an animal cell

A

Mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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4
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration takes place, the transfer of energy

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5
Q

The function of ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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6
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together and control what enters and leaves

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7
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance, contains enzymes, where chemical reactions happen

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8
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, controls the cell

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9
Q

What are the 7 structural components of a plant cell

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, ribosomes, mitochondria, perm vacuole, cell membrane, nucleus

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10
Q

The function of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis happens

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11
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, supports the cell

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12
Q

Function of the perm vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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13
Q

What is a plasmid

A

A small ring of DNA

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14
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

They use light
Allow us to see individual cells and larger sub-cellular structures

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15
Q

How do electron microscopes work

A

Use electrons
Higher magnification
Higher resolution
Can see smaller cells, more detail

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16
Q

What is the formula triangle for magnification

A

Image size
Magnification. X. Real size. 🔼

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17
Q

Step 1 for practical for an onion cell under the microscope

A

1)add a drop of water to the middle of the slide

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18
Q

Step 2 for practical for an onion cell under the microscope

A

2)use tweezers to pull off some of the EPIDERMAL TISSUE

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19
Q

Step 3 for practical for an onion cell under the microscope

A

3) place the epidermal tissue on the water

20
Q

Step 4 for practical for an onion cell under the microscope

A

4)add a drop of iodine solution

21
Q

Step 5 for practical for an onion cell under the microscope

A

5)place a cover slip on top, try not to get any air bubbles

22
Q

Definition of cell differentiation

A

When a cell changes to become specialised for its job

23
Q

Two examples of specialised cells

A

Sperm cells and muscle cells

24
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised for its job

A

Specialised for reproduction
Streamline head and long tail to help it swim to the egg
Has a lot of mitochondria for energy

25
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised for its job

A

Specialised for contraction
Long cell so there is space to contract
Lots of mitochondria for energy

26
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high conc to low conc

27
Q

Where does diffusion happen

A

Liquids and gases

28
Q

Example of diffusion

A

Perfume in air

29
Q

What is the concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration

30
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion if the conc gradient is larger

A

The diffusion rate is quicker

31
Q

How does diffusion work in the cell membrane

A

Dissolved substances move in and out of cells thru diffusion
Only small molecules can like glucose, amino acids and water
The larger SA, the faster rate of diffusion

32
Q

Definition of osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules across a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE membrane from higher water conc to low water conc

33
Q

What kind of movement is osmosis

A

A passive moment

34
Q

1st step of the osmosis practical

A

1)cut potato cylinders, put them in water and other solutions with diff lvls of sugar conc

35
Q

Step 2 of osmosis practical

A

2)leave for 24hrs and take them out

36
Q

Step 3 of osmosis practical

A

If the mass of the practical has increased, that means the osmosis has been drawn in

37
Q

Step 4 of osmosis practical

A

Calculate percentage change in mass, plot graph

38
Q

Dependent variable in the osmosis practical

A

The mass of potato chip

39
Q

Independent variable in the osmosis practical

A

The concentration of the sugar solution

40
Q

What is active transport

A

When a substance is absorbed against the conc gradient, from low—->high

41
Q

Two places where active transport takes place?

A

Root hair cells and the gut

42
Q

How does active transport work in root hair cells

A

The hairs give the root a large SA to absorb mineral ions from soil
Plant absorbs minerals from v dilute solution, against conc gradient
Needs energy from respiration

43
Q

How does active transport work in the gut

A

Used when there is low conc of nutrients in the gut but high conc in the blood
Glucose taken into bloodstream
Transported to cells and used for respiration

44
Q

What is exchanging substances to do with

A

How easy stuff moves between an organism and the environment

45
Q

What does exchanging substances depend on

A

The Surface Area:Volume ratio

46
Q

What is the ratio of volume to SA for a larger organism

A

Smaller SA: larger V

47
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted

A

-thin membrane, only has a short distance to diffuse
-larger SA
-lots of blood vessels so the blood moves in and out
-ventilated so air moves in and out

Biology🦋 (8 decks)

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