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B2 Organisation > Organisation random revision (pages 24 - 41) > Flashcards

Organisation random revision (pages 24 - 41) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for a group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function?

A

Tissue

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2
Q

True or false? An organ can only be made up of one type of tissue. Explain your answer?

A

False.

Different tissues work together to allow the organ to perform its function.

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3
Q

What level of organisation is the digestive system an example of?

A

An organ system

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4
Q

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Define ‘catalyst’?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up.

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5
Q

Which type of large biological molecule are enzymes an example of?

A

Protein

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6
Q

Describe how the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction changes as you increase the temperature?

A

Below the enzyme’s optimum temperature, increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction. If you heat the enzyme above its optimum temperature, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together will break and the enzyme will be denatured. So the rate of reaction will decrease.

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7
Q

What happens to an enzyme above its optimum pH?

A

The pH affects the bonds holding the enzyme together causing a change to the shape of the active site that denatures the enzyme.

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8
Q

A student is investigating how pH affects amylase activity. Give two variables the student will need to control during her investigation?

A

Any two from e.g.

Temperature
Concentration of the amylase solution used
Volume of the amylase solution used.

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9
Q

What is ‘rate’ of measure of?

A

How much something changes over time

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10
Q

Name the carbohydrate that amylase breaks down?

A

starch

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11
Q

Name two organs of the digestive system that produce both proteases and lipases?

A

The pancreas and small intestine.

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12
Q

Bile emulsifies fats. Explain what this means and how it aids digestion?

A

it breaks the fats down into tiny droplets. This gies a larger surface area of fat for lipases to work on, making digestion faster.

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13
Q

Enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions. How are these conditions maintained?

A

Bile is alkaline. It is released into the small intestine and neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

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14
Q

Which type of digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach?

A

Proteases (pepsin)

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15
Q

What is the main function of the Gall Bladder?

A

its main function is to store bile.

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16
Q

Name the solution you would use to test food for sugars?

A

Benedicts solution

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17
Q

What colour change would you observe in an iodine test if a sample contained starch?

A

Browny-orange to black (or blue-black).

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18
Q

What must a food sample contain if it causes Biuret Solution to turn purple?

A

Protein.

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19
Q

What would you observe on shaking Sudan III stain solution with a food sample containing lipids?

A

The mixture will separate into two layers. The layer will be bright red.

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20
Q

True of false? The blood entering the capillaries in the lungs contains lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. Explain your answer?

A

True. The blood has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body. In the rest of the body, oxygen has diffused out of the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells had diffused into the blood.

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21
Q

Describe the two circuits that make up the double circulatory system of the heart?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxgenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen before returning to the heart. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the other organs of the body which returns to the heart as deoxygenated blood.

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22
Q

Name the vessel which delivers deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Vena Cava

23
Q

What type of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?

A

Vein

24
Q

What name is given to the group of cells that control the rhythm of the resting heart rate?

A

Pacemaker

25
Q

Why do arteries need to have strong elastic walls?

A

They carry blood away from the heart, which pumps blood out at a high pressure.

26
Q

Describe the characteristics of capillary walls that make them well-adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

They are permeable and very thin.

27
Q

What formula is used to calculate rate of blood flow through a blood vessel?

A

Rate of blood flow = volume of blood ÷ time

28
Q

What component of blood produces antibiodies to defend agains infection?

A

White blood cells

29
Q

Name the component of blood that is important in clotting?

A

Platelets

30
Q

How are waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in the plasma

31
Q

How can coronary heart disease lead to a lack of oxygen reaching the heart muscle?

A

In coronary heart disease, the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the muscle of the heart, get blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes the arteries to become narrow, so the blood flow is restricted and less oxygen reaches the heart muscle.

32
Q

Give two advantages of using stents to lower the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart disease?

A

Any two from e.g.
:

They are effective for a long time.

Recovery time from the surgery is quick

33
Q

Look at the flowchart below. Name a type of drug that drug Z could be?

Patient with high cholesterol
V
V
Patient given drug Z
V
V
Reduction in patient’s choloesterol

A

Statin

34
Q

How can too much bad cholesterol in the bloodstream cause health problems?

A

Too much bad cholesterol in the bloodstream can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease.

35
Q

Give two reasons why a patient with heart faliure might have an artificial heart fitted?

A

Any two from e.g:

To keep them alive until a donor heart becomes available

To help them recover by allowing their heart to rest and heal.

As a permanent replacement heart.

36
Q

Give one advantage of using an artificial heart instead of a donor heart for a patient with heart faliure?

A

E.g:

An artificial heart is less likely to be attacked by the body’s immune system than a donor heart.

You don’t have to wait for a suitable donor heart to become available.

37
Q

Give one risk of fitting a replacement heart valve?

A

Any one from, e.g.:

There can be problems with blood clots.

It involves major surgery that can have complications.

38
Q

What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases can spread from person to person (or between animals and people) but non-communicable diseases can’t.

39
Q

Give two examples of how infection by pathogens can trigger other health problems?

A

Any two from e.g.:

Viruses infecting cells of the body can trigger cancers

Immune reactions caused by infecting pathogens can trigger allergies.

40
Q

State one disease that obesity is a risk factor for?

A

E.g.

Type 2 diabetes
Bowel Cancer
Liver Cancer
Kidney Cancer

41
Q

Give one financial cost of non-communicable diseases to the economy?

A

E.g.

Cost to the NHS to research and treat these diseases.

Reduction in the number of people able to work can affect a country’s economy.

42
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Something can can cause cancer.

43
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells that stay in one place, usually within a membrane.

44
Q

What disease is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division?

A

Cancer.

45
Q

True or false? Having one of the risk factors for cancer means that you will develop the disease? Explain your answer.

A

False. It only increased your chance of developing the disease during your lifetime.

46
Q

Why does the palisade layer in a leaf contain a lot of chloroplasts?

A

This is where most photosynthesis takes place

47
Q

Give one example of a plant organ?

A

any one from e.g.:

Stem
Root
Leaf

48
Q

Explain why phloem cells have pores in the end walls of the cell?

A

To allow cell sap to flow through the phloem tube.

49
Q

Name the process by which dissolved sugars are transported from the leaves to the rest of the plant?

A

Translocation.

50
Q

Describe how the transpiration stream is maintained in a plant?

A

Water evaporates from the leaves and diffuses into the air. This creates a shortage of water in the leaves, so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem tubes to replace it. This means more water is drawn up through the roots.

51
Q

Name two things that are transported in the xylem?

A

water and mineral ions

52
Q

Describe how a fast air flow around a leaf increases transpiration rate?

A

Fast moving air means that water vapour around the leaf is swept away. This means there’s a higher concentration of water vapour inside the leaf compared to outside to water diffuses out of the leaf more quickly.

53
Q

Describe the relationship between light intensity and the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A

The higher the light intensity, the greater the transpiration rate.

54
Q

Why are there usually more stomata on the bottoms of leaves than on the tops?

A

The lower surface is shaded and cooler, so less water gets lost through the stomata than if they were on the upper surface.

B2 Organisation (19 decks)

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