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Biology > Organisation - Part 3: Lesson 13 - 18 > Flashcards

Organisation - Part 3: Lesson 13 - 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

It is a general term that refers to diseases of the cardiovascular system (the heart and blood vessels).

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2
Q

What are some examples of cardiovascular diseases?

A

Coronary heart disease, heart attacks, faulty heart valves, and heart failure.

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3
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

It occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked by fatty deposits, narrowing the lumen and reducing oxygen flow to the heart muscle.

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4
Q

Why is oxygen delivery to the heart important?

A

The heart needs a lot of oxygen to work properly; reduced oxygen can put strain on the heart and lead to a heart attack.

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5
Q

What are the two main treatments for coronary heart disease?

A

Stents and statins.

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6
Q

What is a stent?

A

An expandable tube placed inside an artery to keep it open and ensure proper blood flow.

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7
Q

What are the benefits and downsides of using stents?

A

Benefits: Quick surgery and long-term effectiveness. Downsides: Requires surgery (with risks such as inducing a heart attack, infection) and there is a risk of thrombosis (blood clots near the stent).

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8
Q

What are statins and how do they work?

A

Statins are medications that lower bad (LDL) cholesterol and increase good (HDL) cholesterol in the blood, reducing fatty deposits in coronary arteries.

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9
Q

What are the benefits of statins?

A

They lower the overall risk of coronary heart disease, strokes, and heart attacks.

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10
Q

What are some potential side effects of statins?

A

They may cause headaches and kidney failure and need to be taken regularly for years.

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11
Q

What is the role of a heart valve?

A

To allow blood to flow in one direction only.

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12
Q

What problems can occur with heart valves?

A

They may become stiff and not open fully (reducing blood flow). They may not close properly, causing blood to leak backward.

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13
Q

How can faulty heart valves be treated?

A

They can be replaced with new valves, either biological (from another human or animal) or mechanical (man-made), through surgery.

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14
Q

What is heart failure?

A

It is when the heart is no longer able to pump blood properly around the body.

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15
Q

What is the only proper treatment for severe heart failure?

A

A heart transplant (replacement with a real biological heart) or, temporarily, an artificial heart.

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16
Q

What are the drawbacks of artificial hearts?

A

They are generally only a temporary fix, as they do not perform as well as real hearts, and they do not provide a long-term solution.

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17
Q

What is a major challenge with heart transplants?

A

Finding a suitable donor heart and the risk of rejection by the recipient’s immune system.

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18
Q

How does the immune system affect heart transplants?

A

The immune system may recognize the donor heart as foreign and attack it, leading to rejection.

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19
Q

Why might some patients require a combined heart and lung transplant?

A

If both the heart and lungs are diseased, though donor organs and the complex surgery make it challenging.

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20
Q

What advantage do artificial hearts have regarding the immune system?

A

Since they are made of metal and plastic, they are not attacked by the immune system.

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

How can health be defined?

A

Health is a state of both physical and mental well-being.

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23
Q

Do we classify health as simply ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’?

A

No, we exist on a spectrum, with some people being more or less healthy in certain ways.

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24
Q

What are some factors for good health?

A
  • A well-balanced diet
  • Sufficient exercise
  • Adequate sleep
  • Access to medical care (especially preventive medicines like vaccines)
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25
What might happen if we do not have these factors or if we experience too much stress?
We might become less healthy or ill.
26
What does the term 'disease' encompass?
It covers a large group of conditions that can cause ill health.
27
Can diseases be related to lifestyle?
Yes, some diseases (like diabetes) can be caused by lifestyle factors such as an unhealthy diet, while others (like chickenpox or asthma) may be unrelated to lifestyle.
28
How can diseases be generally split?
Into communicable (infectious) diseases and non-communicable diseases.
29
What causes communicable diseases?
They can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, and they can spread from person to person or between animals and people.
30
Give examples of communicable diseases.
* The common cold * Malaria * Meningitis
31
What are examples of non-communicable diseases?
* Asthma * Coronary heart disease * Diabetes * Cancer
32
How can a weakened immune system affect disease susceptibility?
A weakened immune system makes it harder to fight off infections, leading to more frequent communicable diseases like colds or influenza.
33
What is the link between some viruses and cancers?
Certain viruses, such as HPV, can cause cancers (e.g., cervical cancer in women).
34
What preventive measure helps reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers?
Vaccination against HPV.
35
How can the body's own response lead to illness?
An overactive immune response can damage the body's tissues, causing conditions such as skin rashes or asthma.
36
What is the relationship between physical health and mental health?
Poor physical health can negatively impact mental health, potentially leading to depression or chronic anxiety, especially if it limits everyday activities.
37
38
What is a tumor?
A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergoes uncontrolled growth and division.
39
What are the two types of tumors?
* Benign tumors * Malignant tumors
40
What characterizes a benign tumor?
The abnormal cells are contained within one area, they do not invade other tissues, and are usually not dangerous.
41
What characterizes a malignant tumor?
Malignant tumors invade other tissues and can spread to different parts of the body, forming secondary tumors.
42
Why are malignant tumors classified as cancer?
Because their ability to invade and spread causes significant damage and can be potentially fatal.
43
What is a risk factor?
Anything that increases the chance that a person will develop a disease during their lifetime.
44
How is smoking related to cancer?
Smoking is strongly linked to lung cancer and has also been associated with cancers of the mouth, stomach, and cervix.
45
How does obesity act as a risk factor for cancer?
Obesity increases the risk of developing cancers such as bowel, liver, and kidney cancer.
46
How does UV light exposure increase cancer risk?
UV radiation from the sun and sunbeds can damage skin cells, leading to an increased risk of skin cancer.
47
What is the link between alcohol consumption and cancer?
Drinking alcohol is linked to an increased risk of liver cancer.
48
How can genetic factors affect cancer risk?
Inherited genes, such as the BRCA genes, can make a person more susceptible to cancers like breast and ovarian cancer.
49
How do multiple risk factors interact in the development of cancer?
Various risk factors, including lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions, can interact to increase cancer risk.
50
Are risk factors for cancer always related to lifestyle?
No, some risk factors, such as genetic predispositions, are inherited and not a result of personal choices.
51
Do risk factors guarantee that someone will develop cancer?
No, risk factors only increase the chance of developing cancer; they do not guarantee it.
52
53
What are the levels of organization in plants?
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems.
54
How does a leaf fit into the plant's organizational system?
A leaf is an organ that, along with stems and roots, forms an organ system responsible for transporting substances and performing photosynthesis.
55
What is the main function of a leaf?
The leaf is the site of photosynthesis, which requires carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars.
56
What are the functions of the xylem and phloem in a leaf?
The xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves, and the phloem carries sugars produced by photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.
57
What are stomata and what is their function?
Stomata are small openings on the lower epidermis of leaves that allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and water vapor to diffuse out.
58
What are the two types of mesophyll in a leaf and what are their roles?
* Spongy Mesophyll: Has air gaps to facilitate gas diffusion. * Palisade Mesophyll: Packed with chloroplasts where most photosynthesis occurs.
59
Why is the upper epidermis of a leaf almost transparent?
It allows sunlight to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells for photosynthesis.
60
What is the function of the waxy cuticle on the leaf's surface?
The waxy cuticle is a thin waterproof layer that reduces water loss from the leaf.
61
How do guard cells regulate stomatal opening?
When hydrated (turgid), guard cells open the stomata to allow carbon dioxide in; when dehydrated (flaccid), they close the stomata to conserve water.
62
How do guard cells respond to light?
Guard cells close at night when there is no light for photosynthesis, reducing water loss.
63
Why are most stomata located on the underside of leaves?
The underside of the leaf is more shaded and cooler, which reduces water evaporation.
64
What is meristem tissue and what is its function in plants?
Meristem tissue is the plant equivalent of stem cells; it is found at the growing tips of roots and shoots and can differentiate into various cell types for plant growth.
65
What are the key requirements for photosynthesis in leaves?
Carbon dioxide (entered through stomata) and water (transported via xylem).
66
Where does most photosynthesis occur within the leaf?
In the palisade mesophyll layer, which is full of chloroplasts.
67
68
What is translocation in plants?
Translocation is the process of transporting sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant via the phloem.
69
How do phloem cells facilitate translocation?
Phloem cells are arranged end-to-end to form phloem tubes, with small pores between them that allow cell sap (a mixture of water and sugar) to move through multiple cells.
70
Can phloem transport substances in both directions?
Yes, the phloem can transport substances both upward and downward within the plant.
71
What is the role of the xylem in plants?
The xylem transports water and mineral ions from the roots up the stem to the leaves.
72
What are xylem tubes made of, and what strengthens them?
Xylem tubes are made of dead cells that form a long hollow tube, and they are strengthened with lignin.
73
What is transpiration in plants?
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the leaves, which creates a transpiration stream.
74
How does water move upward through a plant?
Water molecules evaporate from the stomata, pulling the rest of the water up in a continuous chain due to the concentration gradient.
75
What are the four main factors that influence the rate of transpiration?
* Light intensity * Temperature * Airflow * Humidity
76
How does light intensity affect transpiration?
Higher light intensity increases photosynthesis, requiring more open stomata, which in turn increases transpiration.
77
Why does higher temperature increase transpiration?
Higher temperature gives water molecules more energy, making them more likely to evaporate.
78
How does high airflow (wind) affect transpiration?
High airflow quickly removes water molecules from the leaf, maintaining a high concentration gradient and increasing transpiration.
79
How does high humidity affect transpiration?
High humidity reduces the concentration gradient of water between the inside and outside of the leaf, decreasing the rate of transpiration.
80
What is the function of stomata in the leaf?
Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and permit water vapor to exit.
81
What is the transpiration stream?
It is the chain of water molecules moving up through the plant, driven by the evaporation of water from the leaves.

Biology (9 decks)

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