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Biology > Organisation - Part 2: Lesson 7 - 12 > Flashcards

Organisation - Part 2: Lesson 7 - 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step before carrying out any food test?

A

Prepare the food sample by crushing it, mixing it with distilled water, and filtering out solid particles

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2
Q

What does the Benedict’s test detect?

A

Reducing sugars

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3
Q

What color change occurs in the Benedict’s test if reducing sugars are present?

A

Blue → Green, Yellow, or Brick Red

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4
Q

What is the iodine test used for?

A

Detecting starch

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5
Q

What is the positive result for the iodine test?

A

The solution turns from browny-orange to blue-black

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6
Q

What does the Biuret test detect?

A

Proteins

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7
Q

What is the positive result for the Biuret test?

A

The solution turns pink or purple

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8
Q

What does the Sudan III test detect?

A

Lipids (fats)

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9
Q

What is the positive result for the Sudan III test?

A

A bright red layer appears on top

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10
Q

What happens in a positive emulsion test for lipids?

A

The solution turns cloudy white

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11
Q

At what temperature should the water bath be set for the Benedict’s test?

A

75°C.

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12
Q

Why should you use a test tube holder when doing the Benedict’s test?

A

For safety reasons—to avoid burns or spills

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13
Q

What do we add to the food sample in the Biuret test?

A

Biuret solution

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14
Q

Why do lipids form a separate red layer in the Sudan III test?

A

Because lipids are not soluble in water

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15
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A
  • Take in oxygen from the air and transfer it to the bloodstream for the body to use
  • They also remove carbon dioxide from the blood and release it when we exhale
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16
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The trachea (windpipe) is the tube that carries air from the nose/mouth to the bronchi

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17
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The bronchi are two large tubes that branch from the trachea, each leading into one lung

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18
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles are small branches of the bronchi that carry air deeper into the lungs

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19
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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20
Q

Why do alveoli have a thin wall?

A

Alveoli are made of one layer of thin cells to create a short diffusion pathway, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to move quickly.

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21
Q

Why do alveoli have a large surface area?

A

The hundreds of millions of alveoli create a huge surface area (about half a tennis court) to speed up gas exchange.

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22
Q

Why are alveolar walls moist?

A

The moist walls allow gases to dissolve, increasing the rate of diffusion

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23
Q

How does oxygen enter the blood?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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24
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the body?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, then we breathe it out.

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25
What is the breathing rate equation?
Breathing Rate= Time in Minutes __________________ Number of Breaths Taken
26
How does exercise affect breathing rate?
During exercise, muscles need more oxygen for respiration, so breathing rate increases to meet demand
27
What carries oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen around the body.
28
Where is carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood?
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood plasma, not in red blood cells.
29
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues
30
What are the three main components of the circulatory system?
✅ Blood ✅ Blood vessels ✅ The heart
31
What is a double circulatory system?
➡ A circulatory system with two loops: - One carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to gain oxygen. - The other carries oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
32
What are the four chambers of the heart?
✅ Right atrium ✅ Right ventricle ✅ Left atrium ✅ Left ventricle
33
What do the atria and ventricles do?
- Atria receive blood and push it into the ventricles - Ventricles pump blood out of the heart
34
What is the function of heart valves?
➡ To prevent blood from flowing backward
35
What is the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the body?
✅ The aorta
36
What is the main vein that carries blood back to the heart from the body?
✅ The vena cava
37
What are the names of the blood vessels that transport blood between the heart and lungs?
✅ Pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs) ✅ Pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood to the heart)
38
What does a pacemaker do?
➡ It sends electrical impulses to keep the heart beating at a steady rate.
39
What is an artificial pacemaker?
A small electronic device implanted under the skin to regulate heartbeats when the natural pacemaker cells fail
40
What is the role of coronary arteries?
They supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
41
What is the key difference between arteries and veins?
✅ Arteries carry blood away from the heart. ✅ Veins carry blood toward the heart.
42
What is an exception to the oxygenated/deoxygenated blood rule for arteries and veins?
✅ The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood but is still an artery because it carries blood away from the heart ✅ The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood but is still a vein because it carries blood toward the heart.
43
What is the heart rate of an average human?
Around 70 beats per minute
44
What are the three main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?
- Arteries - Capillaries - Veins
45
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart
46
What is the main function of capillaries?
To exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste products with tissues
47
What do veins do?
They carry blood back to the heart.
48
How are the walls of arteries adapted for high pressure?
They have thick layers of muscle and elastic tissue, making them strong and elastic.
49
What is the lumen in a blood vessel?
The lumen is the hollow space or opening in the middle of the vessel.
50
Why are capillary walls only one cell thick?
To minimize the diffusion distance for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
51
How does the total cross-sectional area of capillaries compare to that of arteries, and why is this important?
The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is huge compared to arteries, which lowers blood pressure and slows blood flow, facilitating efficient exchange with tissues.
52
What structural feature of veins helps ensure blood flows in one direction?
Veins have valves that prevent backflow.
53
Why is the blood pressure lower in capillaries than in arteries?
Because the total cross-sectional area of capillaries is large, slowing down the blood flow and reducing pressure.
54
What structural adaptations do arteries have to cope with high pressure?
Thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue that can stretch and recoil.
55
Why do veins have relatively thin walls?
They carry blood at low pressure, so they do not require thick walls.
56
What is the formula to calculate the rate of blood flow?
Rate of Blood Flow= Time _________________ Volume of Blood
57
In terms of function, how are arteries, capillaries, and veins different?
- Arteries: Transport blood away from the heart under high pressure. - Capillaries: Facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes due to their thin, permeable walls. - Veins: Return blood to the heart at low pressure, aided by valves to prevent backflow.
58
How does the structure of capillaries aid in the exchange of substances?
Their walls are only one cell thick and permeable, which minimizes diffusion distance and allows substances to move quickly between blood and tissues.
59
What are the four main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
60
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for cellular respiration.
61
What pigment do red blood cells contain, and what does it do?
Hemoglobin; it binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
62
What are two key adaptations of red blood cells?
They lack a nucleus (providing more space for hemoglobin) and are shaped like a biconcave disc
63
What percentage of blood by volume do white blood cells make up, and what is their primary function?
Less than 1%; they are essential for the immune system, defending against infection.
64
Name three ways white blood cells defend the body against pathogens.
- Engaging in phagocytosis (engulfing microorganisms). - Producing antibodies to target and destroy pathogens. - Producing antitoxins to neutralize toxins.
65
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
Yes, they do.
66
What are platelets, and what is their main function?
Platelets are small cell fragments that lack a nucleus; they help in clotting by patching up wounds and preventing blood loss.
67
Besides clotting, what is another role of platelets?
They help prevent microorganisms from entering the body at wound sites, reducing the risk of infection.
68
What is plasma and what percentage of blood volume does it make up?
Plasma is a pale, straw-colored liquid that makes up just over half of the blood's volume.
69
What are some of the substances transported by plasma?
- Nutrients (glucose, amino acids) - Waste products (carbon dioxide, urea) - Hormones, proteins, antibodies, and toxins produced by white blood cells.
70
Why might a person need their blood volume replaced?
Due to significant blood loss from injuries (e.g., knife wounds) or surgical complications, which can reduce the oxygen delivered to tissues.
71
What is artificial blood?
A substitute (typically salt water) that adds volume to the circulatory system but lacks red blood cells, so it cannot transport oxygen
72
What is the limitation of Artificial Blood?
Only about one-third of blood volume can be replaced with it
73
What is the advantage of a blood transfusion over artificial blood?
A blood transfusion uses real donated blood, which contains red blood cells and can effectively transport oxygen to tissues.

Biology (9 decks)

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