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biology > organisation (p1) > Flashcards

organisation (p1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

what is an organ

A

group of tissues performing specific functions

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3
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to form an organism

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4
Q

examples of tissues

A

muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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5
Q

examples of organs

A

heart, stomach, brain

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6
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

digests (breaks down) and absorbs food

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7
Q

what are enzymes

A

They are large molecules (proteins) which make chemical reactions faster in living organisms

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8
Q

Why do enzymes usually only speed up one reaction?

A

the shape of the enzyme’s active site only matches the reactants for once reaction

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9
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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10
Q

How would you test food to see if it contains sugars?

A

Using the Benedict’s test

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11
Q

How would you test food to see if it contains starch?

A

Using the iodine test

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12
Q

How would you test food to see if it contains protein?

A

Using the Biuret reagent

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13
Q

What does the heart do?

A

pump blood around the body

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14
Q

What are the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart called?

A

aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

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15
Q

Where does the right ventricle of the heart pump blood to?

A

to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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16
Q

Where does the left ventricle of the heart pump blood to?

A

around the rest of the body

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17
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

to make sure that blood flows in the right direction (to stop it flowing backwards)

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18
Q

How is our heart rate controlled?

A

by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

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19
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A

they have a large surface area and a good blood supply

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20
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel called?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries.

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21
Q

Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ?

A

Tissue

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22
Q

What does blood contain?

A

plasma with red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in

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23
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

carry oxygen

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24
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

help the body fight infection

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25
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are small fragments of cells (no nucleus) which help blood to clot at wounds

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26
Q

Name six types of plant tissue

A
  • epidermal tissues * palisade mesophyll * spongy mesophyll * xylem * phloem * meristem tissue
27
Q

Where is plant epidermal tissue found?

A

It covers the whole plant.

28
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

at the growing tips of shoots and roots

29
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the evaporation of water from the surface of plants (usually the leaves)

30
Q

What is translocation in plants?

A

the movement of sugar around the plant

31
Q

What do stomata on leaves do?

A

control the water loss from the plant

32
Q

What do root hair cells do?

A

the efficient uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport

33
Q

What is xylem tissue?

A

hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water

34
Q

What does xylem tissue do?

A

transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves

35
Q

What is phloem tissue?

A

tubes of elongated cells with pores in the ends

35
Q

What does phloem tissue do?

A

transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

36
Q

What are the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen called?

A

coronary arteries

36
Q

What happens to the heart in coronary heart disease?

A

layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, so less oxygen reaches the heart muscle

37
Q

Give three methods of treating coronary heart disease

A

inserting a stent, taking statins (drugs), or a heart transplant

38
Q

How does a stent work?

A

they are hollow tubes inserted inside arteries to push out the wall and keep it open, making sure blood can flow through it.

39
Q

How do statins (a type of drug) affect the body?

A

they reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate that fatty material builds up in arteries

40
Q

How can heart valves be faulty?

A

they can fail to open fully, or they can leak

41
Q

What can faulty heart valves be replaced with?

A

biological or mechanical valves

42
Q

What is a heart transplant?

A

when someone’s heart is surgically replaced with the heart from another person (a donor)

43
Q

When are artificial hearts used?

A

to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery

44
Q

What is health?

A

the state of physical and mental well-being

45
Q

What factors can be causes of ill health?

A

diseases, diet, stress, and life situations

46
Q

How can problems in the immune system cause ill health?

A

individuals are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

47
Q

What is sampling (to collect scientific data)

A

study of a selection of people/organisms instead of the entire population

48
Q

What risk factors can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

diet, smoking and exercise

49
Q

What risk factor can increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

50
Q

Which organs are affected by excessive alcohol consumption?

A

liver, brain

51
Q

What risk factor can increase the risk of lung disease and lung cancer?

A

smoking

52
Q

What are two risk factors to the health of unborn babies?

A

smoking and alcohol

53
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

a chemical that can cause cancer

54
Q

How do carcinogens and ionising radiation affect the likelihood of developing cancer?

A

likelihood increases

55
Q

What do cancerous cells do?

A

uncontrolled growth and division

56
Q

In terms of cells, what is cancer?

A

changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

57
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, that do not invade other parts of the body.

58
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

uncontrolled growths that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours

59
Q

What risk factors can increase the risk of various cancers?

A

genetic risk factors and lifestyle risk factors

60
Q

do arteries carry blood towards or away from the heart

A

away

remember A for Arteries and A for Away

61
Q

do veins carry blood towards or away from the heart

A

towards

biology (8 decks)

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