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biology > infection and response (p1) > Flashcards

infection and response (p1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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2
Q

What are four types of pathogen?

A

Viruses, protists, bacteria, fungi

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3
Q

Give three words that decsribe diseases that are easily spread

A

Contagious, Communicable, Infectious

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4
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A
  • Through air
  • Through direct contact
  • Through water (or other ingested substances like food)
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5
Q

How can the spread of disease can be reduced or prevented?

A
  • Hygiene e.g. washing hands before cooking/after sneezing
  • Destroying vectors e.g. using insecticides or destroying insects’ habitats so that they can’t breed * Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
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6
Q

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

they may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill

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7
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

they live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

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8
Q

Name three viral diseases

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever and red skin rash

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10
Q

How is measles spread?

A

when someone inhales droplets of fluid from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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11
Q

How can measles be treated?

A

Most people are vaccinated against it when they’re young
If not vaccinated, the disease cannot be treated (although symptoms may be able to be treated)

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  • initially a flu-like illness
  • later the body’s immune system becomes damaged so it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
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13
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • Sexual contact
  • Exchanging bodily fluids, such as blood (e.g. when drug users share needles)
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14
Q

HIV can’t be treated; how can it be prevented?

A

Barrier contraception (like condoms), or not sharing needles

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)?

A
  • causes a mosaic pattern on leaves (which means parts become discoloured)
  • less growth
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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17
Q

Name two bacterial diseases

A
  • Salmonella
  • Gonorrhea
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18
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

It is foodborne: eating food contaminated with salmonella bacteria.

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19
Q

How can salmonella be prevented?

A

Most chickens in the UK are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A
  • Pain when urinating
  • Thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis
21
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

by sexual contact

22
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

Antibiotics

23
Q

How should gonorrhea be prevented?

A

Barrier contraception, e.g. condoms

24
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

fungi

25
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A
  • Causes purple/black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants
  • The leaves can then turn yellow and drop off
  • Less growth
26
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Through water and wind.

27
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A
  • Using fungicides
  • Removing the affected leaves, which should be destroyed so that the fungus can’t spread to other plants
28
Q

How dangerous is malaria?

A

It can be fatal

28
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

a protist

29
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Causes repeating episodes of fever

30
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

by mosquitos

31
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A
  • stopping mosquitoes from breeding
  • using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
32
Q

What are the non-specific defence systems of the human body?

A
  • skin
  • nose
  • trachea and bronchi
  • stomach
33
Q

How do white blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis,
Producing antibodies,
Producing antitoxins.

34
Q

What do vaccinations involve?

A
  • a small amount of dead/inactive pathogens are injected into the body
  • these cause white blood cells to produce specific antibodies, even though the vaccine is harmless
  • if live pathogens of the same type enter the body after that, they are recognised quickly and the white blood cells can destroy them quickly
34
Q

What is a benefit of using vaccinations as opposed to letting the immune system deal with infection?

A

When infected with a new pathogen, it takes a few days for the immune system to fully respond. By then, you can already be quite ill, so vaccinations help your body to react faster, before you have severe symptoms

35
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

they relieve pain and help to reduce symptoms of infection, but don’t deal with the cause of disease or kill pathogens.

36
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

they help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria in the body

37
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to treat viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce inside body cells. This makes it difficult to develop drugs that just kill the virus and not cells as well.

38
Q

Give two examples of drugs which were developed from plants

A
  • The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.
  • The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
39
Q

Give an example of a drug which was developed from a microorganism

A
  • Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould (a fungus)
40
Q

What does the pharmaceutical industry do?

A

discover and develop medicinal drugs

41
Q

When testing drugs, what three things are investigated?

A

Efficacy (how effective it is)
* Toxicity (whether it’s harmful)
* Dosage (how much, how often)

42
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

tests that are done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals

43
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

tests that use healthy volunteers and patients

44
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A tablet that does not contain an active drug ingredient

45
Q

What are blind trials?

A
  • Trials where patients are study are divided into 2 groups; A) receives the drug and B) receives a placebo
  • The patients are ‘blind’ so that they don’t know whether they have the drug
  • The doctor can see the actual effect of the drug on the patients
46
Q

What are double blind trials?

A
  • Trials where patients are study are divided into 2 groups; A) receives the drug and B) receives a placebo
  • The patients are ‘blind’ so that they don’t know whether they have the drug
  • The doctors are also ‘blind’ so they don’t know which patient has the drug
  • This is so that the doctors aren’t influenced by their knowledge when monitoring and analysing

biology (8 decks)

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