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biology > Inheritance, variation and evolution (p2) > Flashcards

Inheritance, variation and evolution (p2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a process which involves the fusion of male and female gametes

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2
Q

what cells are involved in sexual reproduction in animals

A

sperm and egg cells

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3
Q

what cells are involved in sexual reproduction in plants

A

pollen and egg cells

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4
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

a process which involves only one parent, only mitosis is involved- produces clones

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5
Q

way to remember mitosis

A

MITosis =Making Identical Two

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6
Q

what is meiosis

A

when cells divide to form gametes (have half the number of chromosomes as body cells)

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7
Q

what happens during meiosis

A

-cell makes copies of its genetic info,
-cell divides twice to form 4 gametes , each with a single set of chromosomes
- all gametes are genetically different from each other

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8
Q

what are gametes

A

an organisms reproductive (sex) cells, which have half the usual genetic info

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9
Q

what are female gametes called in animals

A

ova/egg cells

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10
Q

what are male gametes called in animals

A

sperm

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11
Q

what is DNA

A

the chemical that a cells genetic info is composed from. it is a polymer, made up of two strands forming a double helix

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12
Q

where is DNA found

A

organised into chromosomes in the nucleus

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13
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of DNA on a chromosome

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14
Q

what is a genome

A

all of the genetic material of an organism

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15
Q

what is an allele

A

one of two or more versions of a gene

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16
Q

what are recessive alleles

A

only expressed if two copies are present

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17
Q

what are dominant alleles

A

always expressed, even if only one copy is present

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

a gene that has two different alleles

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19
Q

homozygous

A

a gene that has two identical alleles

20
Q

is polydactyly caused by dominant or recessive allele

A

dominant

21
Q

is cystic fibrosis caused by dominant or recessive allele

A

recessive

22
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do ordinary human body cells contain

A

23 pairs

23
Q

how many chromosomes do human gametes have

A

23 (23 ONLY not 23 pairs)

24
Q

sex chromosomes in females

A

XX

25
Q

sex chromosomes in males

A

XY

26
Q

what is a species

A

a group of similar organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

27
Q

what is variation

A

differences in the characteristics of individuals of a population

28
Q

what are mutations

A

random alterations in DNA which occur continuously

29
Q

what is evolution

A

the inherited characteristics of populations over successive generations

30
Q

what is selective breeding

A

when humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics.

31
Q

What has selective breeding been used to produce?

A
  • Disease resistance in food crops
  • Animals which produce more meat or milk
  • Domestic dogs with a gentle nature
  • Large or unusual flowers.
32
Q

What is the main drawback of selective breeding?

A

Leads to inbreeding, where organisms are particularly prone to inherited defects and disease (a disease that can kill one can likely kill them all).

33
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

when the genome of an organism is changed, by introducing a gene from another organism

34
Q

What has genetic engineering been used to produce?

A
  • Plant crops that are resistant to diseases
  • Plant that produce more flowers or fruit/veg
  • Bacterial cells that produce useful substances, such as human insulin
35
Q

What are fossils?

A

The remains of organisms from millions of years ago, embedded in rocks.

36
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A

Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, so few fossils formed, and they have been destroyed over time

37
Q

What can be learned from fossils?

A

How much different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.

38
Q

What is extinction?

A

when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive

39
Q

Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?

A

Because they reproduce at a high rate

40
Q

How can a strain of bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

A
  • Mutations of bacteria produce new strains
  • Some strains may be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed
  • These ones survive and reproduce
  • The resistant strain will then spread
41
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic-resistant bacterium.

A

MRSA

42
Q

What can and should be done to reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains?

A
  • Doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately
  • Patients should complete their course of antibiotics
  • Antibiotics shouldn’t be used too much on farms
43
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance such a big problem?

A

The development of new antibiotics is expensive and slow

44
Q

How did Linnaeus classify living things?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

44
Q

What are the three domains in the ‘three-domain system’ of classification of living organisms?

A
  • Archaea (simple bacteria, usually living in extreme environments)
  • Bacteria (true bacteria)
  • Eukaryota (includes protists, fungi, plants and animals).
45
Q

Who developed the ‘three-domain system’ of classification of living organisms?

A

Carl Woese

biology (8 decks)

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