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biology > homeostasis and response (p2) > Flashcards

homeostasis and response (p2) Flashcards

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APยฎ Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions

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2
Q

What conditions are controlled in the human body?

A
  • blood glucose concentration * body temperature * water levels
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3
Q

What two types of responses happen in the body to control conditions?

A

nervous responses or chemical responses

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4
Q

What three parts are present in all control systems?

A
  1. receptors
  2. coordination centres
  3. effectors
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5
Q

In the body control system: what do cells called receptors do?

A

detect stimuli (changes in the environment)

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6
Q

In the body control system: what do coordination centres do?

A

receive and process information from receptors

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7
Q

Give examples of coordination centres in the human body

A

the brain, spinal cord and pancreas

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8
Q

In the body control system: what do effectors do?

A

bring about responses which restore optimum levels (of things like glucose and water)

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9
Q

Give examples of effectors in the human body

A

muscles and glands

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10
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

the body system that includes all of the nerve cells, the brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

allows humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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12
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

it coordinates the response of effectors (which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones)

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14
Q

What is the name given to the part of the nervous system which contains only nerves?

A

The peripheral nervous system.

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15
Q

What happens in the body between a stimulus and a response?

A

stimulus โ†’ receptor โ†’ coordinator โ†’ effector โ†’ response

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16
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in external environment

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17
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An automatic and rapid nervous response which does not require the conscious part of the brain

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18
Q

What does a sensory neurone do?

A

it transmits electrical impulses from receptors in the sense organs to the CNS

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19
Q

What does a motor neurone do?

A

it carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands

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19
Q

What does a synapse relay neurone do?

A

it transmits electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones

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19
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

the body system that includes hormones and glands

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20
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

sends hormones around the body through the blood

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21
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A

glands

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22
Q

Which is faster: the nervous system or the hormonal (endocrine) system?

A

the nervous system

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22
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals which are carried in the bloodstream.
They cause effects to happen in organs.

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23
Q

Which effects last longer: the nervous system or the hormonal (endocrine) system?

A

the hormonal (endocrine) system

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24
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces many hormones which regulate body conditions.
Some of these hormones act on other glands, which produce other hormones.

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25
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Behind the stomach.

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25
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

At the base of the brain

26
Q

Where is the thyroid?

A

Along the front of the windpipe.

27
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

One above each kidney.

28
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

In the lower abdomen.

28
Q

Where are the testes?

A

In the scrotum.

29
Q

Where is blood glucose concentration monitored?

A

In the pancreas

30
Q

What is carbohydrate broken down into?

A

Glucose

31
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
In liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.

32
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, so blood glucose can reach dangerously high levels

33
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated?

A

with insulin injections

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

35
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime

36
Q

Which type of diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?

A

Type 2 diabetes

37
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.

38
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] What is negative feedback?

A

Receptors detect stimuli, like levels of a hormone being to high.
The coordination centre organises a response and the effector produces a response which counteracts the change.
The optimum level is restored.

39
Q

What happens at puberty?

A

reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

40
Q

What are the main male and female reproductive hormones?

A

Male: testosterone
Female: oestrogen
(Oestrogen and testosterone are produced by both sexes).

41
Q

What is the main role of testosterone?

A

it stimulates sperm production

42
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

In the ovaries

43
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

In the testes

44
Q

What four hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone.

45
Q

What do FSH and LH stand for?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone.
Luteinising hormone.

46
Q

How many days long is the menstrual cycle (usually)?

A

28

47
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

causes maturation of an egg in the ovary

48
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

stimulates the release of an egg

49
Q

Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

50
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] How does oestrogen interact with FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Stimulates release of LH.
Inhibits release of FSH.

51
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] How does progesterone interact with FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Inhibits release of both LH and FSH.

52
Q

What is contraception?

A

hormonal and non-hormonal methods of controlling fertility

53
Q

List hormonal methods of contraception

A

Oral contraceptive pills
Patch
Implant
Injection
The IUD (intrauterine device, or the coil)

54
Q

List barrier methods of contraception.

A

Condoms
Diaphragms

55
Q

How do oral contraceptives control fertility?

A

they contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature

56
Q

How do injections, implants or skin patches control fertility?

A

they slowly release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

57
Q

How do barrier methods control fertility?

A

they prevent the sperm reaching an egg

57
Q

How do intrauterine devices control fertility?

A

they prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone

58
Q

How do spermicidal agents control fertility?

A

they kill or disable sperm

59
Q

How does abstaining from intercourse control fertility?

A

this tries to make sure there are no sperm in the female reproductive system when an egg may be in the oviduct

59
Q

How do surgical methods control fertility?

A

they prevent the sperm reaching an egg by removing tubes in the reproductive systems

60
Q

What does sterilisation involve?

A

The falllopian tubes (which connect the ovaries to the uterus)

or the sperm duct (the tube between the testes and penis) are cut or tied

61
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] Give two ways that hormones are used to treat infertility

A

Fertility drugs, and IVF

62
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] What are some disadvantages of hormonal fertility treatments?

A
  • it is very emotionally and physically stressful
  • the success rates are not high
  • it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother.
63
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] Describe the steps in In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment.

A
  • IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs.
  • The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory.
  • The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
  • At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the motherโ€™s uterus (womb).
64
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] What is the role of thyroxine?

A

It stimulates the basal metabolic rate.
It plays an important role in growth and development.

65
Q

[๐‡๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ] What is the role of adrenaline?

A

It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for โ€˜flight or fightโ€™.

biology (8 decks)

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