Organisation of knowledge Flashcards
The use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem:
converging operations
An idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world:
concept
A group of items into which different objects or concepts can be placed that belong together because they share some common features, or because they are all similar to a certain prototype:
category
Groupings that occur naturally in the world, like birds or trees:
natural categories
groupings that are designed or invented by humans to serve particular purposes or functions:
artifact categories
a level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other levels:
basic level
Grouping things together not by their defining features but rather by their similarity to an averaged model of the category:
Prototype theory
an abstract average of all the objects in the category we have encountered before:
prototype
something which describes the prototype but is not necessary for it:
characteristic features
categories that can be readily defined through defining features (bachelor)
classical concepts
categories that cannot be so easily defined (game, death)
fuzzy concepts
typical representatives of a category
exemplars
The classic view of categories disassembles a concept into a set of featural components. All those features are then necessary to define the category. Each feature is an essential element of the category; they are DEFINING FEATURES.
Feature-based categories
The defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category:
A Core
People understand and categorise concepts in terms of implicit theories, or general ideas they have regarding those concepts:
theory-based view of meaning
What model suggest that knowledge is represented in our minds in the form of concepts that are connected with each other in a web-like form?
Semantic-network model
A web of elements of meaning (nodes) that are connected with each other through links:
Semantic network
elements that are typically concepts:
nodes
connection between nodes:
labelled relationships
A mental framework for organising knowledge:
schema
contains information about the particular order in which things occur:
scripts
information is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time:
serial processing
generation and output of a procedure:
production
Comprises an entire set of rules (productions) for executing the task or using the skill:
production system
What model is based on semantic networks and production systems?
ACT-R model
What does ACT stand for?
adaptive control of thought
A model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge:
ACT-R model
multiple operations go on all at once:
parallel processing
According to what models do we handle very large numbers of cognitive operations at once through a network distributed across incalculable numbers of locations in the brain?
parallel distributed processing (PDP) models or connectionist models
The mind is _____, divided into discrete modules that operate more or less independently of each other.
modular
