Landscape of memory Flashcards
The form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world:
knowledge representation
facts that can be stated, such as the date of your birth, the name of your friend, or the way a rabbit looks:
declarative knowledge
Knowledge of procedures that can be implemented:
procedural knowledge
The idea that knowledge is stored in the form of both words and images:
dual-code theory
the relationship between the word and what it represents in simply arbitrary:
symbolic representation
The mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs:
Imagery
Using both pictorial and verbal codes for representing information:
dual-code theory
Mental images that resemble the objects they are representing:
analog codes
We do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words:
propositional theory
Secondary and derivative phenomena that occur as a result of other more basic cognitive processes:
epiphenomena
the meaning underlying a particular relationship among concepts:
proposition
Although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it:
functional-equivalent hypothesis
rationally transforming an object’s visual mental image:
mental rotation
Mental representations may take on what 3 forms?
propositions, images or mental models
Knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences:
mental models
the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colours and shapes:
visual imagery
What are the two types of images?
Visual and spatial
Images that represent spatial features such a depth dimensions, distances, and orientations:
spatial imagery
the acquisition, organisation, and use of knowledge about objects and actions in two- and three-dimensional space:
spatial cognition
Internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationship:
cognitive maps
What three types of knowledge are used when forming and using cognitive maps?
land mark knowledge, route-road knowledge and survey knowledge
information about particular features at a location and which may be based on both imaginal and propositional representations:
landmark knowledge
specific pathways for moving form one location to another. It may be based on both procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge:
route-road
Estimated distances between landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps. It may be represented imaginably or propositionally (e.g. in numerically specified distances)
Survey
People tend to think of intersections as forming 90-degree angles more often that the intersections really do:
right-angle bias
People tend to think of shapes (states or countries) as being more symmetrical than they really are:
symmetry heuristic
When representing figures and boundaries that are slightly slanted (oblique) people tend to distort the images as being either more vertical or more horizontal than they really are:
rotation heuristic
People tend to represent landmarks and boundaries that are slightly out of alignment by distorting their mental images to be better aligned than they really are (we distort the way we line up a series of figures or objects)
Alignment heuristic
the relative positions of particular landmarks and boundaries is distorted in mental images in ways that more accurately reflect people’s conceptual knowledge about the contexts in which the landmarks and boundaries are located, rather than reflecting the actual spatial configurations:
relative-position heuristic
