Memory Processes Flashcards
Transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory:
Encoding
Retain encoded information in memory:
Storage
Gan access to information stored in memory:
Retrieval
Competing information interferes with out storing information:
Interference
Forget facts just because time passes:
decay
Making connections by integrating the new data into out existing schemas of stored information. This process of integrating new information into stored information is called?
consolidation
Reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory:
Metamemory
Metamemory strategies are just one component of?
metacognition
Our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking:
metacognition
Repeated recitation of an item:
rehearsal
What are two different types of rehearsal?
overt and covert
Meaningfully integrate information into what you all ready know or meaningfully connect to another. Done to move information into long-term memory:
Elaborative rehearsal
Repetitiously rehearse items to be repeated. Such rehearsal temporarily maintains information in short-term memory without transferring the information to long-term memory:
maintenance rehearsal
Learning in which various sessions are spaced over time:
distributed practice
learning in which sessions are crammed together in a very short space of time:
massed practice
To maximise the effect on long-term recall, the spacing should ideally be distributed over months:
spacing effect
Specific techniques to help you memorise lists of words:
mnemonic
Organize a list of items into a set of categories:
Categorical clustering
Create interactive images that link the isolated words in a list:
interactive images
Associate each new word with a word on a previously memorised list and form an interactive image between the two words:
Pegword system
Visualize walking around an area with distinctive landmarks that you know well, and then link the various landmarks to specific items to be remembered:
Method of Loci
Devise a word or expression in which each of its letters stands for a certain other word or concept (eg. USA, IQ and laser)
Acronym
For a sentence rather than a single word to help you remember the new words:
Acrostic
Form an interactive image that links the sound and meaning of a foreign word with the sound and meaning of a familiar word:
keyword system
Simultaneous processing:
parallel processing
Serial processing:
sequential (exhaustive and self-terminating)
Always check all options and don’t stop
exhaustive processing
Terminate once you find a match
self-terminating
The presence of information stored in long-term memory:
Availability
The degree to which we can gain access to the available information:
accessibility
Competing information causes us to forget something:
interference
forget something because the passage of time:
decay
newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material:
retroactive interference
Material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material:
Proactive interference
Mental frameworks that represent knowledge in a meaningful way:
schemas
_______ represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position in a list?
Serial position curve
What refers to the superior recall of words at and near the end of al its?
The recency effect
What refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list?
Primacy effect
Information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement, of the memory trace:
Decay theory
In real life situations, memory trace is also ______, in that prior experience affects how we recall thing sand what we actually recall from memory.
constructive
Memory of an individual’s history:
Autobiographical memory
A memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film:
flashbulb memory
Flashbulb memories are created under what 3 circumstances?
The memory trace is important to the individual, is surprising, and has an emotional effect on the individual
What parts of the brain are involved in autobiographic memories?
Medial temporal lobe
What are the seven sins of memory?
Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias and persistance
Memory fades quickly:
Transience
Enter a room looking for something only to discover that they have forgotten what they were seeking:
absent-mindedness
People sometimes have something that they know they should remember, but they can’t (tip of the tongue):
Blocking
People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Eyewitness testimony is sometimes clouded by what we think we should have seen, rather than what we actually saw:
misattribution
People are susceptible to suggestion:
suggestibility
People who currently are experiencing chronic pain in their lives are more likely to remember pain the past, whether or not they actually experienced it:
bias
People sometimes remember things as consequential that, in a broad context, are more in sequential. Someone with many successes but one notable failure may remember the single failture better than the many successes:
Persistence
Memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause:
repressed memories
What is recalled depends on what is encoded:
encoding specificity
What factors facilitate the transfer of information into long-term storage?
rehearsal, organisation, mnemonics, external memory aids, distributed practise
In what form is information usually encoded into short-term memory?
acoustic
In what form is information primarily encoded into long-term memory?
semantic form
