Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bioscience 1 > organisation of cells > Flashcards

organisation of cells Flashcards

week 5

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

smallest part of an organism that retains characteristics of the entire organism
is the place where metabolic processes occur that keep the organism alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 examples of tissues
where can they be found?

A

epithelium - skin, lining of GI tract
muscle - skeletal, smooth, cardiac
nervous
connective - tendons, ligaments, fats, blood, bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the simplest form of a cell?

A

prokaryotes
eg. archaea, bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

free floating within the cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

bound inside a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

organelles are only present in which type of cell?

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 components of a typical animal cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

separates internal conditions from external conditions
contains protein channels, carriers and pumps for selective permeability
contains cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the role of CAMs?

A

to attach cells to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does selective permeability allow?

A

the maintenance of membrane potential - the charge difference across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define ion

A

atom/ molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electron(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 components of cell cytoplasm:

A

cytosol and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define cytosol

A

the fluid part of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the cytosol contain?
3 examples

A

proteins and dissolved substances
eg. ions
cytoskeleton
cytoplasmic inclusion eg. lipid droplets or pigments (melanin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 functions of cytoskeleton

A

support the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place
movement
transport substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 groups of proteins in the cytoskeleton?
example

A

microtubule - for cell structure - made from tubulin and stiffer than actin filaments eg. flagella, cilia
microfilament - highly organised eg. muscle cells (biggest)
intermediate filament (found in motile organisms and cell division) - flexible but resist strain eg. skin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of the nucleus

A

contains all the cell’s chromosomes which encodes genetic material
has nuclear pores to allow RNA, ribosomes and macromolecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of mitochondria

A

provides energy for the cell in the form of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5 components of mitochondria

A

smooth outer membrane
intermembranous space
inner membrane folded into cristae
matrix
circular chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define chromatin

A

delicate filaments found in the nucleus that are formed from dispersed chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens to chromatin during cell division?

A

becomes densely coiled forming chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

during transcription, the enzyme … uses DNA as a template to produce a … …

A

RNA polymerase
pre-mRNA transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the pre-mRNA is … to form a … mRNA molecule that can be … to build the protein molecule encoded by the original gene

A

processed
mature
translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the nucleolus forms to …

A

maximise interactions between specific DNAs, RNAs and proteins

25
Q

active cells have a … nucleolus

A

big

26
Q

inactive cells have … nucleolus

A

no

27
Q

function of ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis for inside the cell

28
Q

what do ribosomes consist of?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
has a large subunit and a small subunit

29
Q

function of ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

produce the proteins that are packaged and secreted to be incorporated into the plasma membrane and within lysosomes

30
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

modifies proteins for secretion

31
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid production (eg. membrane phospholipids) and carb metabolism
processes proteins - modifies drugs or stores calcium ions (in muscles)

32
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

sorts, packages and transports cell products

33
Q

3 important roles of golgi apparatus:

A

modification of macromolecules
proteolysis of peptides into active forms
sorting of different macromolecules into specific membrane-bound vesicles

34
Q

how does the golgi apparatus modify macromolecules?

A

by the addition of sugars to form oligosaccharides

35
Q

what are the 3 functional components of the golgi?

A

cis face
medial golgi
trans-golgi network

36
Q

function of vesicles

A

transport or store material
allow the exchange of cell membrane between different cell compartments

37
Q

what are the main types of vesicles? (5)

A

cell surface-derived endocytotic (pino/ phagocytotic)
golgi-derived transport and secretory vesicles
ER-derived transport vesicles
lysosomes
peroxisomes

38
Q

function of lysosomes

A

transport digestive enzymes
digest microbes, worn out cellular components or cells

39
Q

what are the 3 main types of cell-cell connections?

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

40
Q

how do tight junctions join cells together?
example

A

form a seal that is so strong not even ions can pass across
eg. blood vessels, kidneys

41
Q

how do desmosomes join cells together?
example

A

connect the intermediate filament networks of adjacent cells
eg. skin, intestines

42
Q

how do gap junctions join 2 cells?

A

allow direct cell-cell communication and selective diffusion of molecules
eg. heart cardiac muscle - to contract at the same time

43
Q

intermediate filaments provide … support especially for … … of the cell

A

structural
mechanical resistance

44
Q

are intermediate filaments directly involved in cell movements?

A

no

45
Q

what are intermediate filaments made from?

A

lots of different types of proteins

46
Q

what are actin microfilaments/ microfilaments made from?
what do they form?

A

actin molecules
they form bundles, sheets or networks

47
Q

what are microtubules made from?

A

alpha and beta tubulin

48
Q

what are microtubules responsible for in the cell?

A

mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella

49
Q

4 functions of microtubules

A

mitotic spindle, cilia, flagella
provide structure and support to the cytoplasm
transport intercellular material by providing tracks for organelles and chromosome movement
maintain cell’s polarity - filaments have + and - ends

50
Q

3 examples of microtubules

A

kinesins
myosins
dyneins

51
Q

where do basal bodies occur?

A

in ciliated or flagellated cells

52
Q

what do basal bodies and centrioles have in common?

A

they have the same structure

53
Q

where do centrioles occur?

A

in the centrosome of cell
involved in mitotic division

54
Q

define centrosome

A

organelle made of 2 centrioles

55
Q

define cilia
example of where they are

A

small and numerous projections on cell surfaces that ‘beat’ in a co-ordinated power stroke vs recovery stroke (active movement)
eg. respiratory tract, female reproductive tract

56
Q

define flagella

A

larger singular version of cilia that moves the entire cell
movement is corkscrew

57
Q

where is the energy for sperm motility derived from?

A

metabolism of fructose in seminal fluid

58
Q

where are the mitochondria located in sperm?

A

their midpiece

59
Q

cilia and flagella are … projections that grow from … that have moved to the cell membrane

A

microtubule-based
centrioles

Bioscience 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions