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Bioscience 1 > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

week 3

1
Q

define lipid

A

diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbon molecules characterised by hydrophobicity

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2
Q

define nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

A

fundamental linear molecules in the storage, transmission and use of information

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3
Q

what are the 6 roles of lipids?
examples

A

separate aqueous environments (phospholipid bilayer)
anhydrous energy stores and insulation (adipose (fat) tissue)
hormones and vitamins (steroid hormones eg. oestrogen)
meibum (tear film at the base of eyelashes)
water repellent (waterproof feathers of ducks)
protection (sebaceous glands - oil secreting)

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4
Q

what is the omega end of a fatty acid?

A

the end with the terminal methyl group

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5
Q

what are functions PUFAs?

A

maintenance of a protective layer over the skin
beneficial for animals with scaley skin

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6
Q

examples of sources of PUFAs

A

oily fish
sea food
algae
linseed
corn oil
sunflower oil

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7
Q

examples of sources of MUFAs

A

olive oil
rape seed
avocado
nuts

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8
Q

what are lipids stored as for an energy store?

A

triacylglycerol (TAG) = triglyceride

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9
Q

where is TAG stored?

A

in white fat

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10
Q

when is TAG reduced?

A

during fasting or intense exercise

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11
Q

what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of TAG?

A

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

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12
Q

what hormones regulate HSL?

A

adrenaline and cortisol (stress hormones)

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13
Q

define steatosis

A

storage of fat in liver (AKA fatty liver disease)

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14
Q

what are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

3 roles of steroid hormones

A

electrolyte balance
metabolism
reproduction

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16
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

small ‘local’ hormones derived from arachidonic acid

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17
Q

4 classes of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes
lipoxins

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18
Q

where are prostaglandins made and what is their function?

A

prostate gland
stimulation of smooth muscle contraction of the uterus, inflammation to promote swelling and pain as defence against injury/ infection

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19
Q

where are leukotrienes made and what is their function?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)
mediators in various pathological conditions, particularly in allergic and inflammatory responses

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20
Q

where are thromboxanes made and what is their function?

A

thrombocytes (platelets)
causing blood to clot and decrease the flow of blood towards the clot

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21
Q

where are lipoxins made and what is their function?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets
lipoxygenase interactions cause anti-inflammatory activity

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22
Q

4 examples of lipid-soluble vitamins

A

retinol (vitamin A)
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
tocopherol (vitamin E)
vitamin K (blood clotting)

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23
Q

what do glycerophospholipids form? why?

A

bilayers
amphipathic nature (polar and non-polar ends)

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24
Q

what is the main source of dietary energy?

A

carbohydrates

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25
3 disaccharides
maltose sucrose lactose
26
when are hexose derivatives formed?
when a hydroxyl group is replaced with another group
27
define homopolysaccharide 4 examples
polymer of a single type of sugar starch (unbranched amylose + branched amylopectin) cellulose (glucose) chitins (N-acetylglucosamine (make exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans) dextrans (sticky glucose made by bacteria and yeast) - dental plaque
28
define heteropolysaccharide example
polymer of different types of sugar hyaluronic acid
29
what is glycogen?
an important storage form of glucose in animal cells
30
3 glycoconjugates in the cell membrane what do they contain?
proteoglycans - GAG chains attached to Serine residues glycoproteins - oligosaccharides covalently linked to Serine or threonine via O-linked or asparagine residues via N-linked glycolipids -covalently linked to oligosaccharides
31
define glycosaminoglycans/ mucopolysaccharides
heteropolysaccharides - polymers of repeating disaccharides of amino sugars and others
32
what are the 6 functions of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
help form hydrated gels (eg. hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid) provide viscosity, lubrication, adhesiveness, tensile strength, elasticity
33
examples of GAGs
hyaluronic acid chondroitin sulphate heparan sulphate
34
define protein
chemical made up of 1 or more chains of amino acids
35
define simple protein example
proteins consisting of only amino acids eg. albumins and globulins
36
define conjugated protein example
proteins consisting of an amino acid sequence with prosthetic groups eg. haemoglobin with haem group and vitamin A with retinal
37
define primary structure
sequence of amino acids
38
what does the primary structure determine?
3D shape and function
39
what does the primary structure result from?
the formation of covalent peptide bonds
40
where are disulphide bridges only found?
in extracellular proteins
41
define secondary structure
stable local arrangement of the amino acids h-bonding of peptide backbone causes amino acids to fold into a regular repeating pattern - provides stability include alpha-helix, beta-sheet and beta-turn
42
define tertiary structure
overall 3D conformation of the polypeptide folds form spontaneously - shows how secondary structure pack together and how R groups interact form globular or fibrous structures
43
define quaternary structure
arrangement of subunits in a multi-subunit protein results from the specific interactions between the subunits - multimeric protein
44
where are disulphide bridges found?
only in extracellular proteins
45
how is the conformation of a protein stabilised?
by a large number of of forces strongest: ionic bonds, h-bonds, hydrophobic interactions, weakest: van der walls
46
define motifs example
folding patterns which involve 2 or more elements of secondary structure eg. beta-alpha-beta loop
47
define domains example
larger regions of a single polypeptide chain which fold stably and independently eg. 2 separate calcium binding domains in troponin or binding pocket in receptors
48
define multimeric protein 3 examples
complex assembly composed of multiple protein subunits dimer, trimer, tetramer
49
what can proteins be classified on? examples
complexity - simple chains or conjugated structure - fibrous or globular location - cytosol, membrane-bound, extracellular function - enzyme, hormone, receptor, transport
50
define genome
all of an organism's genetic information (DNA)
51
define gene
a segment of DNA encoding a protein
52
components of nucleotides:
phosphate group pentose sugar nitrogenous base
53
the strands in DNA run ...
antiparallel
54
the helix turns every ...
10 residues
55
DNA structure has ... ... grooves and ... ... grooves in which ... can bind
narrow minor wider major proteins
56
define promoter
the DNA regulatory region before gene start site
57
what sugar is in mRNA?
D-ribose
58
what is the role of mRNA?
carry a transcript of a gene from the nucleus to a ribosome
59
what is the role of tRNA?
read the codon on mRNA and bring the specific amino acids to the ribosome
60
what is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
constituents of ribosomes - role in translation into protein
61
what is the role of the binding site?
bind and orientate substrate
62
what is the role of the catalytic site?
reduce chemical activation energy
63
what is the role of the sugar phosphate backbone?
links nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds

Bioscience 1 (8 decks)

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