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Bioscience 1 > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

week 3

1
Q

define lipid

A

diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbon molecules characterised by hydrophobicity

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2
Q

define nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

A

fundamental linear molecules in the storage, transmission and use of information

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3
Q

what are the 6 roles of lipids?
examples

A

separate aqueous environments (phospholipid bilayer)
anhydrous energy stores and insulation (adipose (fat) tissue)
hormones and vitamins (steroid hormones eg. oestrogen)
meibum (tear film at the base of eyelashes)
water repellent (waterproof feathers of ducks)
protection (sebaceous glands - oil secreting)

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4
Q

what is the omega end of a fatty acid?

A

the end with the terminal methyl group

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5
Q

what are functions PUFAs?

A

maintenance of a protective layer over the skin
beneficial for animals with scaley skin

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6
Q

examples of sources of PUFAs

A

oily fish
sea food
algae
linseed
corn oil
sunflower oil

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7
Q

examples of sources of MUFAs

A

olive oil
rape seed
avocado
nuts

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8
Q

what are lipids stored as for an energy store?

A

triacylglycerol (TAG) = triglyceride

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9
Q

where is TAG stored?

A

in white fat

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10
Q

when is TAG reduced?

A

during fasting or intense exercise

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11
Q

what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of TAG?

A

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

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12
Q

what hormones regulate HSL?

A

adrenaline and cortisol (stress hormones)

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13
Q

define steatosis

A

storage of fat in liver (AKA fatty liver disease)

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14
Q

what are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

3 roles of steroid hormones

A

electrolyte balance
metabolism
reproduction

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16
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

small ‘local’ hormones derived from arachidonic acid

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17
Q

4 classes of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes
lipoxins

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18
Q

where are prostaglandins made and what is their function?

A

prostate gland
stimulation of smooth muscle contraction of the uterus, inflammation to promote swelling and pain as defence against injury/ infection

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19
Q

where are leukotrienes made and what is their function?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)
mediators in various pathological conditions, particularly in allergic and inflammatory responses

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20
Q

where are thromboxanes made and what is their function?

A

thrombocytes (platelets)
causing blood to clot and decrease the flow of blood towards the clot

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21
Q

where are lipoxins made and what is their function?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets
lipoxygenase interactions cause anti-inflammatory activity

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22
Q

4 examples of lipid-soluble vitamins

A

retinol (vitamin A)
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
tocopherol (vitamin E)
vitamin K (blood clotting)

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23
Q

what do glycerophospholipids form? why?

A

bilayers
amphipathic nature (polar and non-polar ends)

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24
Q

what is the main source of dietary energy?

A

carbohydrates

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25
Q

3 disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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26
Q

when are hexose derivatives formed?

A

when a hydroxyl group is replaced with another group

27
Q

define homopolysaccharide
4 examples

A

polymer of a single type of sugar
starch (unbranched amylose + branched amylopectin)
cellulose (glucose)
chitins (N-acetylglucosamine (make exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans)
dextrans (sticky glucose made by bacteria and yeast) - dental plaque

28
Q

define heteropolysaccharide
example

A

polymer of different types of sugar
hyaluronic acid

29
Q

what is glycogen?

A

an important storage form of glucose in animal cells

30
Q

3 glycoconjugates in the cell membrane
what do they contain?

A

proteoglycans - GAG chains attached to Serine residues
glycoproteins - oligosaccharides covalently linked to Serine or threonine via O-linked or asparagine residues via N-linked
glycolipids -covalently linked to oligosaccharides

31
Q

define glycosaminoglycans/ mucopolysaccharides

A

heteropolysaccharides - polymers of repeating disaccharides of amino sugars and others

32
Q

what are the 6 functions of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

help form hydrated gels (eg. hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid)
provide viscosity, lubrication, adhesiveness, tensile strength, elasticity

33
Q

examples of GAGs

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate
heparan sulphate

34
Q

define protein

A

chemical made up of 1 or more chains of amino acids

35
Q

define simple protein
example

A

proteins consisting of only amino acids
eg. albumins and globulins

36
Q

define conjugated protein
example

A

proteins consisting of an amino acid sequence with prosthetic groups
eg. haemoglobin with haem group and vitamin A with retinal

37
Q

define primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

38
Q

what does the primary structure determine?

A

3D shape and function

39
Q

what does the primary structure result from?

A

the formation of covalent peptide bonds

40
Q

where are disulphide bridges only found?

A

in extracellular proteins

41
Q

define secondary structure

A

stable local arrangement of the amino acids
h-bonding of peptide backbone causes amino acids to fold into a regular repeating pattern - provides stability
include alpha-helix, beta-sheet and beta-turn

42
Q

define tertiary structure

A

overall 3D conformation of the polypeptide
folds form spontaneously - shows how secondary structure pack together and how R groups interact
form globular or fibrous structures

43
Q

define quaternary structure

A

arrangement of subunits in a multi-subunit protein
results from the specific interactions between the subunits - multimeric protein

44
Q

where are disulphide bridges found?

A

only in extracellular proteins

45
Q

how is the conformation of a protein stabilised?

A

by a large number of of forces
strongest: ionic bonds, h-bonds, hydrophobic interactions, weakest: van der walls

46
Q

define motifs
example

A

folding patterns which involve 2 or more elements of secondary structure
eg. beta-alpha-beta loop

47
Q

define domains
example

A

larger regions of a single polypeptide chain which fold stably and independently
eg. 2 separate calcium binding domains in troponin or binding pocket in receptors

48
Q

define multimeric protein
3 examples

A

complex assembly composed of multiple protein subunits
dimer, trimer, tetramer

49
Q

what can proteins be classified on?
examples

A

complexity - simple chains or conjugated
structure - fibrous or globular
location - cytosol, membrane-bound, extracellular
function - enzyme, hormone, receptor, transport

50
Q

define genome

A

all of an organism’s genetic information (DNA)

51
Q

define gene

A

a segment of DNA encoding a protein

52
Q

components of nucleotides:

A

phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base

53
Q

the strands in DNA run …

A

antiparallel

54
Q

the helix turns every …

A

10 residues

55
Q

DNA structure has … … grooves and … … grooves in which … can bind

A

narrow minor
wider major
proteins

56
Q

define promoter

A

the DNA regulatory region before gene start site

57
Q

what sugar is in mRNA?

A

D-ribose

58
Q

what is the role of mRNA?

A

carry a transcript of a gene from the nucleus to a ribosome

59
Q

what is the role of tRNA?

A

read the codon on mRNA and bring the specific amino acids to the ribosome

60
Q

what is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

constituents of ribosomes - role in translation into protein

61
Q

what is the role of the binding site?

A

bind and orientate substrate

62
Q

what is the role of the catalytic site?

A

reduce chemical activation energy

63
Q

what is the role of the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

links nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds

Bioscience 1 (8 decks)

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