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Bioscience 1 > cell metabolism and enzymes > Flashcards

cell metabolism and enzymes Flashcards

week 8

1
Q

define cell metabolism

A

collective chemical reactions performed by cells

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2
Q

define metabolic pathway

A

series of enzyme-controlled reactions
each reaction is specific
overall set of reactions is energetically favourable

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3
Q

what are the 2 main classes of metabolic pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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4
Q

define catabolic metabolism

A

breaking down fuel molecules to generate energy

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5
Q

define anabolic metabolism

A

using energy to build complex biomolecules required for life

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6
Q

when is a reaction thermodynamically favourable?

A

when 🔼G < 0 (negative)

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7
Q

when is a reaction thermodynamically unfavourable?

A

when 🔼G > 0 (positive)

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8
Q

name 3 fuel molecules in animals

A

carbs, fats, amino acids

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9
Q

how is energy released by fuel molecules?

A

by oxidation

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10
Q

more reduced carbon fuels have … stored energy

A

more

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11
Q

define activated carriers
examples

A

biomolecules that store energy in the form of transferable chemical groups
ATP, NADH, Coenzyme A

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12
Q

how does NADH store energy?

A

as transferable electrons

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13
Q

NAD+ can accept … electrons and a … to form …

A

2
proton
NADH

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14
Q

what is Coenzyme A a carrier of?

A

acyl groups

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15
Q

what bonds do acyl groups form to CoA?

A

thioester bonds

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16
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytosol

17
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate
4 ATP (net 2 ATP)
NADH

18
Q

how many different enzyme catalysed reactions are in glycolysis?

A

10

19
Q

in aerobic respiration what are the electrons passed on to? what does it form?

A

oxygen
forms water

20
Q

in anaerobic respiration what are the electrons passed on to? what does it form?

A

lactate (organic molecule)
forms lactic acid

21
Q

what is the product of alcoholic fermentation?

A

ethanol

22
Q

pyruvate is … into ethanol

A

decarboxylated

23
Q

what pathway does acetyl CoA enter?

A

citric acid cycle (Krebs)

24
Q

what are the 2 main components oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

25
Q

when are catabolic pathways activated?

A

when energy supply is low

26
Q

when are anabolic pathways activated?

A

when energy supply is high

27
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that catalyses making glycogen?

A

glycogen synthase

28
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that catalyses breaking down glycogen?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

29
Q

what is glycogen synthase activated by?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

30
Q

what is glycogen synthase inhibited by?

A

ATP which is the signal for high energy

31
Q

what is glycogen phosphorylase activated by?

A

AMP which is the signal for low energy

32
Q

what is glycogen phosphorylase inhibited by?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

Bioscience 1 (8 decks)

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